The world of the New Netherlands

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Republic of Texas Navy surface fleet of 1940

The Republic of Texas Navy was founded on November 25th 1835, when the provisional government of Texas passed a bill providing for the purchase of four schooners and for the organization of the Texas Navy in order to protect and defend the coastline of Texas and offer protection for the shipping and trade that was desperately needed for the growing republic. Over the 105 years of its existence the Republic of Texas Navy has been involved in the Texas War of Independence (1835-1836), Yucatán War of Independence (1841-1848), 1st Mexican-Texas War (1842-1843), 2nd Mexican-Texas War (1870-1872) and the Mexican-Texas Border War (1910-1918).

Heavy cruiser

Houston-class heavy cruiser

RTS Houston is the first Navy ship to bear the name "Houston" and the largest surface ship to enter into the Republic of Texas Navy sins the founding of the navy in 1836. The Houston was launched in Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, United States of America on September 14th 1930 and commissioned into the Republic of Texas Navy in 1931.

RTS Houston, flagship of the Republic of Texas Navy.

Light cruisers

San Antonio-class light cruisers

The two San Antonio-class light cruisers where built by Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Commonwealth of New England for use with the Republic of Texas Navy in the period of 1927 to 1931 in responds to the Imperial Mexican Navy commissioning the Emperador-class heavy cruisers and the General de Salas-class light cruisers in their navy.

RTS San Antonio
RTS San Jacinto

Austin-class light cruisers

The two Austin-class light cruisers where constructed by the New Netherlands Shipbuilding Corporation, Kingdom of New Netherlands in the period of 1915 to 1916. They were order to counter the Imperial Mexican Navy two Emperador Maximilian I-class light cruisers. The Austin-class light cruisers where the largest surface ships in the inventory of the Republic of Texas Navy until the arrival of the Houston-class heavy cruiser and the San Antonio-class light cruisers.

RTS Austin
RTS Dallas

Destroyers

Armstrong County-class destroyers

The Armstrong County-class destroyers are also known as the ABC-class destroyers due the naming of the destroyers following the alphabet are a series of six destroyers. Texas ordered the Armstrong County-class in the United States to enhance the Republic of Texas Navy ability to patrol the Gulf of Mexico.

RTS Armstrong County
RTS Blanco County
RTS Calhoun County
RTS Duval County
RTS Ellis County
RTS Fisher County

Gunboats

Independence-class gunboat

RTS Independence
RTS Invincible

Commodore Hawkins-class gunboat

RTS Commodore Hawkins
RTS Commodore Moore

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Austria Volunteers Corps in Mexico

When the Second French Empire in 1868 removed all of their troops still present in the Second Mexican Empire due to rising tensioning in Europe the Second Mexican Empire now without an ally was left on its own. Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico believing that measures had to be taken in order for the Second Mexican Empire to survive true his emissary to Austria-Hungary send a letter to his brother Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary to help him. Emperor Franz Joseph I decided to fulfill the request as it would greatly enhance the prestige of Austria-Hungary and agreed to allow the formation of the Austrian Volunteer Corps (German: Österreichisch-Freiwilligenkorps in Mexiko) to go to Mexico to train and support the Mexican Imperial Army. Recruitment began in early 1868 in Laibach, with volunteers coming from all corners of the Austria-Hungary Empire.

The initial strength of the Austrian Volunteer Corps was 3,500 men. Upon the arrival in Mexico the Austria Volunteers Corps was supplemented with Mexican Imperial Army battalions to form the 2nd Territorial Division, based out of the city of Puebla. Although the Austria Volunteers Corps was mainly there to support the Mexican Imperial Army it also alongside the Mexican Imperial Guard guarded the National Palace, Chapultapec Castle and provided security for Emperor Maximilian I and Empress Charlotte.

By 1869 the Austria Volunteers Corps had expanded to a force of 6,800 men organized into three Jager (rifle) battalions consisting each of six companies, the “Kaiser Maximilian” Hussar regiment (five squadrons ) and a Uhlan (lancer) regiment, three batteries of mountain artillery, two companies of pioneers and an assortment of support personnel such as gendarmes and medics transport. Also in late 1869 a smaller Belgian Legion consisted of the’ Kaiserin Charlotte’ Battalion numbering in all about 900 men had been organized at the request of Maximilian's wife, Empress Charlotte. But unlike the Austria Volunteers Corps it was mainly there to protect the empress, a job they fulfilled until the death of Empress Charlotte in 1927 when it was disbanded.

When in 1870 the 2nd Mexican-Texas War broke out the Austria Volunteers Corps was used as the elite shock troops within the Mexican Imperial Army. By 1871 the Austria Volunteers Corps together with the Mexican Imperial Army had fought back the Texas militia and regain much of the territories of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas that the Republic of Texas had gained when it became an independent nation after winning the Texas War of Independence (1835-1836). However by late 1871 the United States of America began to apply pressure to both warring sides in an effort to end the conflict and managed to mediate an end to the 2nd Mexico-Texas War in 1872 which resulted in the treaty of Santa Fe.

With the 2nd Mexican-Texas War over the Austria Volunteers Corps was disbanded in accordance with the treaty of Santa Fe which ended the war and was replaced by the Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico which remained in the country until 1915.

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Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico

The Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico (German:Österreichisch-Ungarische Militärmission in Mexiko) was the Austria-Hungary military mission to that country. The mission was formed by Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary who was also the brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, following a request of the General Congress of the Empire of Mexico (spanish:Congreso de la Imperio Mexicano) in the person of its emissary to Austria-Hungary. The Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico would be used to reorganize the Imperial Mexican Army previous trained by the French forces in Mexico (1860-1868) and the Austria Volunteers Corps in Mexico (1868-1872) which had fought alongside the Imperial Mexican Army in the 2nd Mexican-Texas War (1870-1872) but which was disbanded in accordance with the treaty of Santa Fe which ended the war.

The Austria-Hungary began operating from the Military College (spanish:Colegio Militar) located in Mexico City where it would remain until 1890 when most of the Austria-Hungary mission was relocated to the Austro-Hungarian concession located in Mexico City.

By 1876 the entire Imperial Mexican Army was equipped with Austrian uniforms and 8,000 new rifles (M1867 Werndl-Holub service rifle) had been bought in Austria-Hungary to equip the Imperial Mexican Army six infantry battalions totaling some 7,000 men while the Imperial Mexican Auxiliaries and the Imperial Mexican Militia where beginning to receive the somewhat older Wanzl breech loading musket rifle.

In 1877 the Austria-Hungary mission set up a shooting school and eleven years later in 1888 an arsenal for gun and munitions manufacture, equipped with Austria-Hungary machinery was set up with the assistance of the Austria-Hungary mission. This arsenal named Arsenal imperial (English:Imperial Armory) located in Mexico City allowed the Second Mexican Empire to reduce its dependency on foreign produce firearms. The first rifle produced at the Arsenal imperial would be the Fusil Mondragón Modelo 1887 whose designer general Manuel Mondragón would also become the Arsenal imperial first director. The Arsenal imperial would remain the main producer of local and licenses produced artillery and firearms until the arrival of the Mendoza Arsenal in 1911.

By 1890 the Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico after having been in the country for sixteen years had shrunk to a couple dozen of Austria-Hungary military advisors operating out of the Austro-Hungarian concession that were mostly used to observe training of the Imperial Mexican Army.

In 1910 when the Mexican-Texas Border War ore also known as the 3rd Mexican-Texas War began the Austria-Hungary mission observed the border skirmishes between the Imperial Mexican Army and the Republic of Texas Army which lasted until 1915 when the Austria-Hungary mission was ordered to leave the Second Mexican Empire by an imperial decree signed by emperor Maximilian II after pressure from both the United Kingdom and the French Republic who were at war with Austria-Hungary became too great to be ignored as the Second Mexican Empire feared that the United Kingdom and the French Republic would side with the Republic of Texas in the ongoing border war which by now had entered its fifth year.

While the Austria-Hungary military mission to Mexico ended in 1915 the Austro-Hungarian concession located in Mexico City remained until the war in Europe ended in 1918 which saw the Austro-Hungarian Empire being dissolved ending the Mexican and Austria-Hungary relationship which began in 1863 with the crowing of Archduke Ferdinand as the first emperor of the Second Mexican Empire.

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The history of the New Netherlands Army 1775-1795

When In 1775 the States-General of the Dutch Republic gave permission to the colony of New Netherlands to maintain as many as 4,500 troops in peace time due the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Director-General of New Netherlands, Peter Van Brugh Livingston ordered the creation of six regiments, each of some 750 men, which were designated the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th New Netherlands Regiments with enlistments beginning on December 31st 1775.

In 1779 when the Fourth Anglo–Dutch War (1779-1783) broke out, Director-General of New Netherlands, Peter Van Brugh Livingston on advice of the Council of Twenty Four Men decided to raise ore to expand the militia’s already in service in the colony of New Netherlands and to place them under the command of the New Netherlands Army.

Some of the famous commanders in the New Netherlands Army during the war where ,Philip John Schuyler, Abraham Ten Broeck, Cortlandt Skinner, Robert Van Rensselaer, Marinus Willett, Frederick Frelinghuysen and Antony Van Bergen.

When the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1783 ended in Europe so did the war on the North American continent for the colony of New Netherlands, it was decided in 1784 to keep the Netherlands Brigade and the Northern Regiment as the only regular units in the New Netherlands army under the control of the Dutch Republic.

In 1795 with the foundation of the Kingdom of the New Netherlands , the successor to the Council of Twenty Four Men, the New Netherlands Assembly decided to reformed most of the militias still active in the New Netherlands and to make them part of the New Netherlands Army which resulted that five years later, the New Netherlands Army consisted of six battalions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th), the New Amsterdam Regiment (two battalions), the 1st New Netherlands Artillery Regiment (one battalion) and the Northern Regiment (two battalions).

Six New Netherlands Regiments (1775-1784)

The States-General of the Netherlands, the sovereign power of the Dutch Republic in 1775 gave permission to the colony of New Netherlands to maintain 4,500 troops at the Republic expense due the outbreak of the American War of Independence, under this authority, New Netherlands raised six regiments, each of some 750 men, which were designated the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th New Netherlands Regiments with enlistments beginning on December 31st 1775.

Whit the war over in 1784 it was decided that the six regiments of the New Netherlands Army would form the core of the New Netherlands Army.

1st New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1775 and organized at the City of New Amsterdam, in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 1st New Netherlands Battalion.

2nd New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1775 and organized at the City of New Amsterdam, in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 2nd New Netherlands Battalion.

3rd New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1775 and organized at the town of Beverwijckit (OTL Albany), in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 3rd New Netherlands Battalion.

4th New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1775 and organized at the City of New Amsterdam it fought in many battles during the war, in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 4th New Netherlands Battalion.

5th New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1776 and organized from companies in Southern New Netherlands, in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 5th New Netherlands Battalion.

6th New Netherlands Regiment, authorized in 1776 and organized at the town of Elizabeth, in 1784 with the war over the regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army as the 6th New Netherlands Battalion.

New Netherlands Volunteers

The New Netherlands Volunteers ore also know by the name of their commander and former Director-General of the colony of New Netherlands, Cortlandt Skinner as Skinner's Groenen, was raised with permission of Director-General of New Netherlands, Peter Van Brugh Livingston in 1776 a year after the States-General of the Netherlands allowed the creation of a New Netherlands Army. The New Netherlands Volunteers in the early years of its existences where mainly used to help the New Amsterdam Militia garrison the City of New Amsterdam and patrol the towns of the colony of New Netherlands but when the Dutch Republic entered into war with the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1778 where used to fight the British’s as part of the New Netherlands Army.

When the New Netherlands Volunteers eventually was disbanded by order of Director-General of New Netherlands, Peter Van Brugh Livingston in 1783 it had reached a size of some six battalions.

New Amsterdam Militia

Created in 1640 it was the oldest and largest militia in colony of New Netherlands and originally created to defend the city of New Amsterdam from invasion, by 1779 had crown to a size of four regiments capable of defending not only the city of New Amsterdam but also the entire Long Island.

From 1779 to the end of the war in 1783, the New Amsterdam Militia fought as part of the New Netherlands Army. After the end of the war in 1783 the New Amsterdam Militia went back to its peace time strength. When the Colony of New Netherlands in 1795 became the Kingdom of New Netherlands the New Amsterdam Militia was reformed to a standing regiment called the New Amsterdam Regiment and became part of the New Netherlands Army ending its 155 years as a Militia force.

New Amstel Militia

Founded by the town of New Amstel (OTL Camden) in 1658 when three companies were formed. By the start of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780, the town of New Amstel was able to raise six companies which formed the New Amstel Battalion which remained active until 1784 when it was disbanded and the New Amstel Militia went to strength of two companies which remained this way until 1795 when it was disbanded completely.

Schenectady Municipal Militia Regiment

A local militia unit from the Schenectady Municipal it was activated in 1779 and remained active until 1784 when the war ended and the Schenectady Municipal Militia Regiment was disbanded.

Colony of New Netherlands Company of Artillery

The Colony of New Netherlands Company of Artillery was created in 1779 to defend the City of New Amsterdam from British attack.

When the War ended in 1783 the Colony of New Netherlands Company of Artillery remained active as the only militia artillery in service in the Colony of New Netherlands. In 1795 the Colony of New Netherlands Company of Artillery was reformed to a standing regiment called the 1st New Netherlands Artillery Regiment and became part of the New Netherlands Army.

Van Woert's Regiment of Militia

Named after its commander, Lewis Van Woert, it was raised in the town of Hoosick in the Rensselaer Municipal in 1779 before being disbanded in 1784.

Vandenbergh's Regiment of Militia

Named after its commander, Corit Vandenbergh, it was raised in the town of Rennselarwych and was activated in 1779 before being disbanded in 1780.

Van Schoonoven's Regiment of Militia

Named after its commander, Jacobus Van Schoonoven, it was raised in the town of Orange/Oranje (OTL Halfmoon) in 1779 until being disbanded in 1784.

Van Bergen's Regiment of Militia

Named after its commander, Antony Van Bergen, it was raised in the town of Coxsackie in 1779 until being disbanded in 1781.

Van Ness' Regiment of Militia

Named after its commander, Peter Van Ness, it was raised in the town of Claverack in 1779 and being disbanded the same year without seeing any combat.

Northern Militia Regiment

Raised in 1779 most of its soldiers were raised from the towns of Wiltwijck (OTL Kingston), Saugerties, Rosendale, New Paltz and Hardenburgh earning it the nickname the Northern Militia Regiment due all of the towns being located in Northern New Netherlands. In 1784 the Northern Militia Regiment became part of the New Netherlands Army and was renamed the Northern Regiment. When in 1795 the Kingdom of New Netherlands was proclaimed the Northern Regiment remained part of the now Royal New Netherlands’ Army.

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The six states of the Commonwealth of New England

State of Maine

Capital: Augusta.
Population:847,226.
Governor: Lewis O. Barrows (member of the Commonwealth Republic Party).

State of Massachusetts

Capital: Worcester with the city of Boston being the capital of the Commonwealth of New England.
Population: 4,316,721.
Governor: Leverett Saltonstall (member of the Commonwealth Republic Party).

State of New Hampshire

Capital: Concord.
Population:491,524.
Governor: Francis P. Murphy (member of the Commonwealth Republic Party).

State of Vermont

Capital: Montpelier.
Population: 359,231.
Governor: George David Aiken (member of the Commonwealth Republic Party).

State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Capital: Providence.
Population: 713,346.
Governor: Robert Emmet Quinn (member of the Rhode Island Party).

State of Connecticut

Capital: Hartford.
Population: 1,709,242.
Governor: Raymond Earl Baldwin (member of the Commonwealth Republic Party).

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Imperial Mexican Navy

Mexico created a modest navy after gaining independence from Spain in 1821. At the time of the war with the United States in 1846, the fleet was still very small and was forced to remain in port to avoid destruction. In 1866 the Armada de México became the Imperial Armada de México (English: Imperial Mexican Navy) by a imperial decree issued by Mexican Emperor Maximilian I. Four years later four screw sloops were constructed in Austria-Hungary joined the Imperial Mexican Navy and in 1875 two Constitución-class gunboats which where constructed in the United Kingdom were commissioned. Around 1880 the Imperial Mexican Navy which consisted of four screw sloops and two gunboats ordered two gunboats in Austria-Hungary which joined the Imperial Mexican Navy three years later.

In 1891 the Escuela Naval Militar (English: naval academy) was established at the main Gulf of Mexico coast base of Veracruz. The same year the corvette (Zaragoza) was built in France followed by four gunboats in 1902, three years later in 1905 the Empire of Mexico was drawn into a naval competition with Texas when it ordered two light cruisers in the Kingdom of New Netherlands, Mexico felt that it also needed to respond and to surpass Texas. Despite strong pressure by the American government on both the Second Mexican Empire and the Republic of Texas not to start a naval arms race, an order for two light cruisers and two destroyers was placed with the Austria-Hungary’s. These resulted in the two Emperador Maximilian I-class light cruisers and the Prince Imperial-class destroyers which where all delivered before war broke out Europe in 1914 which saw the breakup of Austria-Hungary four years later and as a result caused the Second Mexican Empire to find a new source of buying ships for the Imperial Mexican Navy which both the United Kingdom and Spain where willing to fill.

In 1924 an Imperial Mexican Navy proposal for construction of warships (two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and six’s destroyers) was approved by the General Congress of the Empire of Mexico (Spanish: Congreso de la Imperio Mexicano) who voted for the funding for an extensive building program. This resulted in the Emperador-class heavy cruisers, General de Salas-class light cruisers and la Barrera-class destroyers which entered into service with the Imperial Mexican Navy in the 1926 to 1930 period. The adding of so many new ships to the Imperial Mexican Navy also started new naval arms race between the Second Mexican Empire and the Republic of Texas which responded by laying down one Houston-class heavy cruiser (RTS Houston) and two San Antonio-class light cruisers (RTS San Antonio and RTS San Jacinto) to compensate the new naval purchases of the Second Mexican Empire.

In 1934 the Imperial Mexican government purchased the coast defense battleship Maréchal Deodoro from Brazil which was re-named their as the Anahuac, after an 1835 victory over the Texans and became the main training ship of the Imperial Mexican Navy.

The Imperial Mexican government established warm relations with the Spanish Republic in the mid-1930s and bought three patrol sloops and twelve gunboats from Spanish shipyards which were delivered in the period that the Spanish Civil War broke out.

Coast defense battleship

Anahuac-class coast defense battleship

Anahuac

Heavy cruisers

Emperador-class heavy cruisers

The two Emperador-class heavy cruisers are a class of heavy cruiser of the Imperial Mexican Navy who were completed in the 1930s. They were designed and build in the United Kingdom and are modified versions of the Royal Navy's County-class cruiser. The two Emperador-class heavy cruisers are the largest ships in service with the Imperial Mexican Navy and act as the flagships of the Gulf Fleet (Flota del golfo) and the Pacific Fleet ( Flota pacífica) respectively.

Emperador
Emperatriz

Cruisers

General de Salas-class light cruiser

The two General de Salas-class light cruisers are the most modern light cruisers in service with the Imperial Mexican Navy. Both General de Salas-class cruisers are named after members of the executive triumvirate of the Second Mexican Empire.

General de Salas
General Almonte

Emperador Maximilian I-class light cruisers

The two Emperador Maximilian I-class cruisers where built in Austria-Hungary and delivered in 1914 to the Imperial Mexican Navy and are a sister class to the Austria-Hungary Novara-class light cruiser built in the same period.

Emperador Maximilian I
Emperatriz Charlotte

Destroyers

La Barrera-class destroyers

The six la Barrera-class destroyers where launched between 1926 and 1927 in Spain and arrived in Mexico in 1928. The la Barrera-class is a sister class to the Spanish Churruca-class destroyers and the Argentinean Cervantes-class destroyers which is based on the Churruca-class destroyers. Al six la Barrera-class destroyers are named after six Mexican teenage military cadets who died defending Mexico at Mexico City's Mexican Army's military academy located at Chapultepec Castle from invading United States forces in the September 13th 1847 Battle of Chapultepec, during the 1st Mexican-American War.

Juan de la Barrera
Juan Escutia
Francisco Márquez
Agustín Melgar
Fernando Montes de Oca
Vicente Suárez

Prince Imperial-class destroyers

The two Prince Imperial-class destroyers where built in the period of 1913 to 1915 in Austria-Hungary and are based on the Austria-Hungary Tátra class destroyer.

Prince Imperial
Princesca de México

Gunboats

Guanajuato-class gunboat

The Guanajuato-class where originally design to combine the functions of gunboat and military transport and as a result were available to take aboard up to 230 infantrymen.

Guanajuato
Querétaro
Potosí

Durango-class gunboat

Durango
Zacatecas

G-class gunboat

A class of 10 fast small coastal patrols which where ordered in 1932. Project was developed in the United Kingdom but the ships where all build in Spain. The G-class are shared between the Gulf Fleet (ships with odd numbers) and the Pacific Fleet (even numbers).

G 20
G 21
G 22
G 23
G 24
G 25
G 26
G 27
G 28
G 29

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Emperors of the Second Mexican Empire

Maximilian I 1832-1888

A member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine he was approached by Mexican monarchists and French emperor Napoleon III who had French troops fighting in the Mexican Civil War (1860-1867) which erupted after the then United Mexican States lost the 2nd Mexican-American War (1858-1860) due their failed attempted to reclaim territory they lost in the 1st Mexican-American War (1848-1848). He became the first Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire in 1864 and was backed first by the French (1864-1868 ) and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire who filled the gap the French left when the withdraw both their forces and their support to the Second Mexican Empire.

As Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and Empress Carlota of Mexico had no children, they adopted Agustín de Iturbide y Green and his cousin Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán, both grandsons of Augustine I of Mexico, Emperor of the First Mexican Empire (1822-1823). With the adoption of the two grandsons of the Augustine I, Emperor Maximilian I created the house of Iturbide-Habsburg thereby linking his house with that of the former Augustine I house.

Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico died in 1888 at the age of 58 after having ruled for more then 24 year was succeeded by his adopted son Prince Agustín de Iturbide y Green.

Augustin II (1863-1917)

The grandson of Agustín de Iturbide, and his consort Ana María. He became the adopted son, along with his cousin Salvador de Itúrbide y de Marzán, of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and Empress Carlota of Mexico. He ruled from 1888 to 1917.

Maximilian II (1891-1925)

Son of Emperor Augustin II of Mexico. Maximilian II ruled from 1917 to 1925.

Augustin III (1894-??)

Current Emperor of Mexico, younger brother of former Emperor Maximilian II of Mexico who had no children.

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Royal New Netherlands Navy (1779 to 1815)

The New Netherlands Naval Militia was created in 1779 to assist the Dutch States Fleet operating out of the colony of New Netherlands when the Dutch Republic entered into a state of war against the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1778 due the support the Dutch Republic and the colony of New Netherlands where given to the American colonies fighting the Kingdom of Great Britain.

When the Fourth Anglo–Dutch War ended in 1784, the New Netherlands Naval Militia had grown from having no ships at all to having thirteen warships.

During the period of 1784 to 1795 the New Netherlands Naval Militia thirteen ships remained the only warships in service whit the New Netherlands Naval Militia as and together with the Dutch States Squadron based out of New Amsterdam, patrolled the waters of the colony of New Netherlands.

In 1796 a year after the Kingdom of New Netherlands was formed, the New Netherlands States-General passed a law which saw the New Netherlands Naval Militia becoming the New Netherlands Navy under the supervision of a ministry of the navy.

A year later in 1797 the Kingdom of New Netherlands bought from the Government of the Dutch Republic in exile, United Kingdom the entire nine ship sized Dutch States Squadron based out of New Amsterdam, New Netherlands in order to prevent it from failing either in the hands of the Pro-French Batavian Republic ore the United Kingdom, this purchase increased the New Netherlands Navy from thirteen ships to twenty.

From 1798 to 1802 the Kingdom of New Netherlands fought on the side of the United Kingdom in the War of the Second Coalition ore mostly commonly referred as the 1st Franco-New Netherlands War, despite participating in this war, only the New Netherlands Navy engaged the French in the directly in several naval engagements either alone or together with the British Navy, when peace broke out in 1802 the New Netherlands navy had suffered 80 death, 168 wounded and one frigate sunk.

Peace lasted only a year and in 1803 the War of the Third Coalition (2nd Franco-New Netherlands War) erupted which saw the Kingdom of New Netherlands again fighting on the side of the United Kingdom against the French.

In 1805 the Kingdom of New Netherlands open up a second naval base in the town of Breuckelen (OTL Brooklyn) were also the Breuckelen Navy Yard was located , and together with Naval Base New Amsterdam these formed the two main naval bases for the New Netherlands Navy.

While the New Netherlands Navy was fighting the French, the six American states which made up the New England region declaring their independence from the United States of America in 1805, resulting in the 1st American civil war ( also known as the war of 1805 ) which was mostly fought by the Navy of New England and the United States Navy due the sides not sharing a land border , while the Kingdom of New Netherlands was not involved in the war between the two American sides , it remain on alert during the entire period and as a result had most of it ships patrolling the coast of the New Netherlands thereby preventing them from actively engaging French warships.

When first the War of the Third Coalition in ended in 1806 and a year later the 1st American civil war in 1807 with the signing of the Treaty of New Amsterdam where both American sides recognized each other as independent countries, the New Netherlands Navy had grown from 20 ships to 24 ships, not soon after the War of the Third Coalition ended the War of the Fourth Coalition began (3rd Franco-New Netherlands War ) and the New Netherlands Navy again joined the British Navy in the hunt for French ships , but only a year later in 1807 this war also ended.

The Kingdom of New Netherlands did not participated in the War of the Fifth Coalition, in the year 1809 and therefore the New Netherlands Navy was not involved.

When the United States of America declared war against the United Kingdom in 1812, for a number of reasons, including a desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, trade restrictions because of the United Kingdom ongoing war with France and resentment for its trade with New England during the 1st American civil war (1805-1807) , the New Netherlands Navy together with the New England Navy conducted joint neutrality patrols in their territorial waters in the attempt to keep both warring sides out , this lasted until 1815 when the signing of the Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812.

When the War of the Sixth Coalition (4th Franco-New Netherlands War) broke out in 1813, the Kingdom of New Netherlands joined as a Co-belligerent to the United Kingdom as it did not wanted to enter into a alliance with a nation who was at war with a nation it bordered, in 1814 the War of the Sixth Coalition ended and the New Netherlands Navy went back to its peace strength.

When the Kingdom of New Netherlands became a country within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, it was given permission to use the predicate "Royal" in its name, becoming the Royal New Netherlands Navy.

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Kingdom of the New Netherlands and the 2nd American Civil War

The 2nd American Civil War was the result of decades of sectional tensions between the North and South. Focused on slavery and states’ rights, these issues came to a head following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Over the next several months eleven southern states believing they could follow the example of the Commonwealth of New England who won their independence in the 1st American civil war (1805-1807) seceded from the United States of America and formed the Confederate States of America. During the first two years of the war, Southern troops won numerous victories but saw their fortunes turn after losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863. From then on, Northern forces worked to conqueror the South, forcing them to surrender in April 1865.

Unlike the 1st American civil war which was mostly a naval war, the 2nd American Civil was fought both on land and sea and also saw both sides being supported other nations, with the kingdom of New Netherlands together with the Commonwealth of New England supporting the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America being supported by the Republic of Texas.

While the kingdom of New Netherlands was officially neutral throughout the 2nd American Civil War, (1861-1865). Tensions between the kingdom of New Netherlands and the Confederate States of America were high due to the support the New Netherlands gave to the United States of America. This support ranged from the New Netherlands Arms Company in Breuckelen producing firearms to the government’s owned Watervliet Arsenal producing weaponry and munitions intended for the United States Army. Several wealthy New Netherlands industrialists also played crucial roles in supporting the United States of America war effort through materiel, weapons, ammunition, supplies, and accoutrements. Railroad impresario Cornelius Vanderbilt used his growing network of rail systems to effectively move large quantities of weapons, ammunition, supplies from factories located in the New Netherlands to United States Army staging and training areas located in the State of Pennsylvania.

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Congress of the Republic of Texas

The Congress of the Republic of Texas is the national legislature of the Republic of Texas established by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas in 1836. It is a bicameral legislature based on the model of the United States Congress.

Membership and organization

House of Representatives

The lower house, or House of Representatives, is made up of hundred members with each county which make up the Republic of Texas having at least one representative."

Members of the House are elected on the first Monday in September, each year and are elected to a one-year term. A member has to be twenty-five or older, a citizen of the republic, and a resident of his district for six months. The House choses its speaker and has sole power of impeachment.

Senate

The Senate is chosen by districts that are as nearly equal as possible to the population of citizens. The Senate was to have a membership numbering "not less than one-third or more than one-half that of the House.

Senate districts were entitled to be represented by no more than one member. A senator has to be thirty or older, a citizen of the republic, and a resident of his district for one year. Senators are elected to three year terms, with one-third of the members being elected each year. The Vice President presides over the Senate, "but shall not vote on any question, unless the senate be equally divided." Beyond that, the Senate chose its own officers, including the President pro tem, and has sole responsibility to try impeachments.

[lordroel]

Constitution of the Kingdom of New Netherlands

When the French invaded in 1794 the Dutch Republic, the pro-French Batavian Republic, a unitary state, was proclaimed. In responds the Council of Twenty Four Men, the fore runner of the New Netherlands States-General and Director-General Pierre Van Cortlandt in 1795 issued the Declaration of the Rights of the New Netherlands people (Verklaring der Rechten Voor de Nieuw Nederlandse volk in Dutch ) thereby declaring that the colony of New Netherlands would hence forth be an independent nation.

In 1798 the Constitution of the New Netherlands (Grondwet voor Nieuw Nederlanden in Dutch) was written by the New Netherlands Constitutional Convention and approved by the New Netherlands Assembly. A year after the Kingdom of New Netherlands became a country within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the New Netherlands Constitutional Convention in 1816 wrote the Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands (Grondwet voor Koninkrijk der Nieuw Nederlanden in Dutch) which was also approved by the New Netherlands Assembly.

The Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands was revised again in 1846, which is considered the current version which is in force as of 1940. who major changes where that suffrage was enlarged as was the Rights of the New Netherlands people.

In 1888 there was a minor revision to the Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands when the census suffrage system was replaced by one based on minimal wealth and education, which allowed an ever growing percentage of the male population to be given the right to vote and that penal measure not based on formal law was prohibited.

In 1919 the Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands, manhood suffrage was introduced combined with a system of proportional representation to elect the New Netherlands Assembly and the municipality councils.

By the revision of 1923 universal suffrage was explicitly adopted in the Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands, after it had already been introduced by law in 1919.

In 1939 the current Constitution of the Kingdom New Netherlands received a minor revision, introducing some elements of the then fashionable corporatism by giving a constitutional base to public bodies regulating sectors of the economy.

[lordroel]

List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas

Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836 specifies a term of two years for the first elected President (Sam Houston) and terms of three years thereafter; while the President cannot succeed himself, there are otherwise no term limits in place.
1st David G. Burnet, March 16th 1836 to October 22nd 1836.

2nd Sam Houston, 1836 to 1838, constitution specified a term of two years for the first elected President.

3rd Mirabeau B. Lamar, 1838 to 1841.

4th Sam Houston, 1841 to 1844, second term as president.

5th Anson Jones, 1844 to 1846.

6th Sam Houston, 1846 to 1849, third term as president.

7th John Alexander Greer, 1849 to 1851.

8th James Wilson Henderson, 1851 to 1854.

9th Elisha Marshall Pease, 1854 to 1857.

10th Sam Houston, 1857 to 1860, fourth term as president.

11th Edward Clark 1860 to 1863.

12th Francis Richard Lubbock, 1863 to 1866.

13th Elisha Marshall Pease, 1866 to 1869, second term as president.

(1870 to 1872) See entry of Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas.

14th Richard Coke, 1872 to 1875.

15th Richard B. Hubbard, 1875 to 1878.

16th Oran Milo Roberts, 1878 to 1881.

17th Richard Coke, 1881 to 1884, second term as president.

18th John Ireland, 1884 to 1887.

19th Lawrence Sullivan Ross, 1887 to 1890.

20th James Stephen Hogg, 1890 to 1893.

21st George Cassety Pendleton, 1893 to 1896.

22nd Joseph D. Sayers, 1896 to 1899.

23rd James Nathan Browning, 1899 to 1902.

24th Thomas Mitchell Campbell, 1902 to 1905.

25th Oscar Branch Colquitt, 1905 to 1908.

26th Thomas Mitchell Campbell, 1908 to 1911, second term as president.

27th Oscar Branch Colquitt, 1911 to 1914, second term as president.

28th James E. Ferguson, 1914 to 1917.

29th William P. Hobby Sr, 1917 to 1920.

30th Pat Morris Neff, 1920 to 1923.

31st Thomas Whitfield Davidson, 1923 to 1926.

32nd Dan Moody, 1926 to 1929.

33rd Ross S. Sterling, 1929 to 1932.

34th Edgar E. Witt, 1932 to 1935.

35th James V. Allred, 1935 to 1938.

36th Coke R. Stevenson, 1939 to 1940, current President of the Republic of Texas.

Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas

As designated by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, the vice president serves as the President of the Senate, and could break tie votes in that chamber.

1st Lorenzo de Zavala, 1836 to 1836.

2nd Mirabeau B. Lamar, 1836 to 1838.

3rd David G. Burnet, 1838 to 1841.

4th Edward Burleson, 1841 to 1844.

5th Kenneth L. Anderson, 1844 to 1847.

5th John Alexander Greer, 1847 to 1850.

6th James Wilson Henderson, 1850 to 1853.

7th David Catchings Dickson, 1853 to 1856.

8th Hardin Richard Runnels, 1856 to 1859.

9th Francis R. Lubbock, 1859 to 1862.

10th Edward Clark, 1862 to 1865.

11th John McClannahan Crockett, 1865 to 1868.

12th Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale, 1868 to 1871. Also served as interim president during the president less period (1868 to 1872).

13th Malcolm D. Graham, 1871 to 1875. Also served as interim president during the president less period for a year until the election of Richard Coke in 1872.

14th Richard Bennett Hubbard, Jr., 1875 to 1878.

15th Edward Bradford Pickett, 1878 to 1881.

16th Joseph Draper Sayers, 1881 to 1884.

17th Francis Marion Martin, 1884 to 1887.

18th Thomas Benton Wheeler, 1887 to 1890.

19th George Cassety Pendleton, 1890 to 1893.

20th Martin McNulty Crane, 1893 to 1896.

21st George Taylor Jester, 1896 to 1899.

22nd James Nathan Browning, 1899 to 1902.

23rd George D. Neal, 1902 to 1905.

24th Asbury Bascom Davidson, 1905 to 1908.

25th William Harding Mayes, 1908 to 1911.

26th William Pettus Hobby, Sr. 1911 to 1914.

27th Willard Arnold Johnson, 1914 to 1917.

28th Lynch Davidson, 1917 to 1920.

29th Thomas Whitfield Davidson, 1920 to 1923.

30th Barry Miller, 1923 to 1926.

31st W. C. McKamy, 1926 to 1929.

32nd Edgar E. Witt, 1929 to 1932.

33rd Walter Frank Woodul, 1932 to 1935.

34th Coke Robert Stevenson, 1935 to 1938.

35th Claud Henry Gilmer, 1938 to current 1940.

[lordroel]

United States Battleships of 1940

Mississippi-class battleship

USS Mississippi (BB-22)

USS Idaho (BB-23)

Delaware-class battleship

USS Delaware (BB-25)

USS North Dakota (BB-26)

Florida-class battleship

USS Florida (BB-27)

USS Utah (BB-28)

Michigan-class battleship

USS Michigan (BB-29)

USS Virginia (BB-30)

Nevada-class battleship

USS Nevada (BB-31)

USS Oklahoma (BB-32)

Pennsylvania-class battleship

USS Pennsylvania (BB-33)

USS Arizona (BB-34)

New Mexico-class battleship

USS New Mexico (BB-35)

USS Mississippi (BB-36)

USS Idaho (BB-37)

Tennessee-class battleship

USS Tennessee (BB-38)

USS California (BB-39)

Colorado-class battleship

USS Colorado (BB-40)
USS Maryland (BB-41)
USS Washington (BB-42)
USS West Virginia (BB-43)

North Carolina-class battleship

USS North Carolina (BB-49)
USS Washington(BB-50)

South Dakota-class battleship

USS South Dakota (BB-51)
USS Indiana (BB-52)
USS Massachusetts (BB-53)
USS Alabama (BB-54)

[stevep]

Sept 27, 2021 15:43:29 GMT lordroel said:

United States Battleships of 1940

Mississippi-class battleship

USS Mississippi (BB-22)

USS Idaho (BB-23)

Delaware-class battleship

USS Delaware (BB-25)

USS North Dakota (BB-26)

Florida-class battleship

USS Florida (BB-27)

USS Utah (BB-28)

Michigan-class battleship

USS Michigan (BB-29)

USS Virginia (BB-30)

Nevada-class battleship

USS Nevada (BB-31)

USS Oklahoma (BB-32)

Pennsylvania-class battleship

USS Pennsylvania (BB-33)

USS Arizona (BB-34)

New Mexico-class battleship

USS New Mexico (BB-35)

USS Mississippi (BB-36)

USS Idaho (BB-37)

Tennessee-class battleship

USS Tennessee (BB-38)

USS California (BB-39)

Colorado-class battleship

USS Colorado (BB-40)
USS Maryland (BB-41)
USS Washington (BB-42)
USS West Virginia (BB-43)

North Carolina-class battleship

USS North Carolina (BB-49)
USS Washington(BB-50)

South Dakota-class battleship

USS South Dakota (BB-51)
USS Indiana (BB-52)
USS Massachusetts (BB-53)
USS Alabama (BB-54)

  lordroel,

  You do realise you have two Mississippi and Idaho's, numbers 22&23 and 36&37.  I assume that is the 1st pair, which would be very old by this time would have been renamed if they were still in service by 1940.

  Apart from the fact some very old ships are maintained in service and the 4th Colorado enters service all those ships are from OTL which seems somewhat unlikely as without a WNT its likely that more ships would have been built between then and the N Carolina class and with different designs.  Or was there a WNT but with somewhat different terms allowing one more Colorado and a lot more older ships to be maintained?

  Steve

[lordroel]

Sept 27, 2021 17:30:10 GMT stevep said:

Sept 27, 2021 15:43:29 GMT lordroel said:

United States Battleships of 1940

Mississippi-class battleship

USS Mississippi (BB-22)

USS Idaho (BB-23)

Delaware-class battleship

USS Delaware (BB-25)

USS North Dakota (BB-26)

Florida-class battleship

USS Florida (BB-27)

USS Utah (BB-28)

Michigan-class battleship

USS Michigan (BB-29)

USS Virginia (BB-30)

Nevada-class battleship

USS Nevada (BB-31)

USS Oklahoma (BB-32)

Pennsylvania-class battleship

USS Pennsylvania (BB-33)

USS Arizona (BB-34)

New Mexico-class battleship

USS New Mexico (BB-35)

USS Mississippi (BB-36)

USS Idaho (BB-37)

Tennessee-class battleship

USS Tennessee (BB-38)

USS California (BB-39)

Colorado-class battleship

USS Colorado (BB-40)
USS Maryland (BB-41)
USS Washington (BB-42)
USS West Virginia (BB-43)

North Carolina-class battleship

USS North Carolina (BB-49)
USS Washington(BB-50)

South Dakota-class battleship

USS South Dakota (BB-51)
USS Indiana (BB-52)
USS Massachusetts (BB-53)
USS Alabama (BB-54)

  lordroel ,

  You do realise you have two Mississippi and Idaho's, numbers 22&23 and 36&37.  I assume that is the 1st pair, which would be very old by this time would have been renamed if they were still in service by 1940.

  Apart from the fact some very old ships are maintained in service and the 4th Colorado enters service all those ships are from OTL which seems somewhat unlikely as without a WNT its likely that more ships would have been built between then and the N Carolina class and with different designs.  Or was there a WNT but with somewhat different terms allowing one more Colorado and a lot more older ships to be maintained?

  Steve

My fault, i rushed the list to quickly, we can therefore consider the list not cannon to the WNN.

Will add more to the thread so you might figure out if the WNT was signed ore not depending on who was the president of the United States at that time.

Also a question, with FDR being prime minster of the New Netherlands as of 1940, how much was he a force in OTL to get the Two-Ocean Navy Act passed.