This Day in History

[lordroel]

September 29th

61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.

1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.

1227 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.

1267 – The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.

1364 – English forces defeat the French in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.

1578 – Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.

1717 – An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.

1789 – The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.

1789 – The 1st United States Congress adjourns.

1829 – The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.

1848 – The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces, and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.

1850 – The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.

1855 – The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.
1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.

1864 – The Treaty of Lisbon defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the Couto Misto microstate.

1885 – The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.

1907 – The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral in the U.S. capital.

1911 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

1918 – World War I: Bulgaria signs the Armistice of Salonica.

1918 – The Hindenburg Line is broken by an Allied attack.

1918 – Germany's Supreme Army Command tells the Kaiser and the Chancellor to open negotiations for an armistice.

1923 – The British Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.

1923 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon takes effect.

1923 – The First American Track & Field championships for women are held.

1932 – Chaco War: Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia.

1940 – Two Avro Ansons collide in mid-air over New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together, then land safely.

1941 – World War II: German forces, with the aid of local Ukrainian collaborators, begin the two-day Babi Yar massacre.

1949 – The Communist Party of China writes the Common Programme for the future People's Republic of China.

1954 – The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.

1957 – The Kyshtym disaster is the third-worst nuclear accident ever recorded.

1971 – Oman joins the Arab League.

1972 – China–Japan relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.

1975 – WGPR becomes the first black-owned-and-operated television station in the US.

1979 – The dictator Francisco Macias of Equatorial Guinea is shot by soldiers from Western Sahara.

1988 – NASA launches STS-26, the first mission since the Challenger disaster.

1990 – Construction of the Washington National Cathedral is completed.

1990 – The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.

1991 – A Haitian coup d'état occurs.

1992 – Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached.

2004 – The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.

2004 – Burt Rutan's Ansari SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the Ansari X Prize.

2006 – A Boeing 737 and an Embraer 600 collide in mid-air, killing 154 people and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.

2007 – Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.

2009 – The 8.1 Mw  Samoa earthquake results in a tsunami that kills 189 and injures hundreds.

2011 – The special court in India convicted all 269 accused officials for atrocity on Dalits and 17 for rape in the Vachathi case.

2013 – Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria.

2016 – Eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducted "surgical strikes" against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.

[lordroel]

September 30th

489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time.

737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their baggage train.

1399 – Henry IV is proclaimed king of England.

1520 – Suleiman the Magnificent is proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

1541 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his forces enter Tula territory in present-day western Arkansas, encountering fierce resistance.

1551 – A coup by the military establishment of Japan's Ōuchi clan forces their lord to commit suicide, and their city is burned.

1744 – War of the Austrian Succession: France and Spain defeat Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo, but soon have to withdraw from Sardinia anyway.

1791 – The first performance of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute takes place two months before his death.

1791 – France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly

1882 – Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation.

1888 – Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.

1906 – The Royal Galician Academy, the Galician language's biggest linguistic authority, starts working in Havana.

1907 – The McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.

1909 – The Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania makes a record-breaking westbound crossing of the Atlantic, that will not be bettered for 20 years.

1915 – World War I: Radoje Ljutovac becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft with ground-to-air fire.

1922 – The University of Alabama opens the American football season with a 110–0 victory over the Marion Military Institute, which still stands as Alabama's record for largest margin of victory and as their only 100 point game.

1927 – Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 60 home runs in a season.

1931 – Start of "Die Voortrekkers" youth movement for Afrikaners in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

1935 – The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.

1938 – Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, whereby Germany annexes the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.

1938 – The League of Nations unanimously outlaws "intentional bombings of civilian populations".

1939 – World War II: General Władysław Sikorski becomes prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile.

1939 – NBC broadcasts the first televised American football game.

1941 – World War II: The Babi Yar massacre comes to an end.

1943 – The United States Merchant Marine Academy is dedicated by President Roosevelt.

1945 – The Bourne End rail crash, in Hertfordshire, England, kills 43

1947 – The 1947 World Series is the first to be televised, to include an African-American player, to exceed $2 million in receipts, to see a pinch-hit home run, and to have six umpires on the field.

1947 – Pakistan joins the United Nations.

1949 – The Berlin Airlift ends.

1954 – The U.S. Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world's first nuclear-powered vessel.

1962 – Mexican-American labor leader César Chávez founds the National Farm Workers Association.

1962 – James Meredith enters the University of Mississippi, defying racial segregation rules.

1965 – The Lockheed L-100, the civilian version of the C-130 Hercules, is introduced.

1965 – In Indonesia, a coup by the 30 September Movement is crushed, leading to a mass anti-communist purge, with over 500,000 people killed.

1966 – Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana.

1967 – The BBC Light Programme, Third Programme and Home Service are replaced with BBC Radio 2, 3 and 4 Respectively, BBC Radio 1 is also launched.

1968 – The Boeing 747 is rolled out and shown to the public for the first time.

1970 – Jordan makes a deal with the PFLP for the release of the remaining hostages from the Dawson's Field hijackings.

1972 – Roberto Clemente records the 3,000th and final hit of his career.

1975 – The AH-64 Apache makes its first flight. Eight years later, the first production model rolled out of the assembly line.

1977 – Because of NASA budget cuts and dwindling power reserves, the Apollo program's ALSEP experiment packages left on the Moon are shut down.

1980 – Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.

1990 – The Dalai Lama unveils the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights in Canada's capital city of Ottawa.

1993 – The 6.2 Mw  Latur earthquake shakes Maharashtra, India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) killing 9,748 and injuring 30,000.

1994 – Aldwych tube station (originally Strand Station) of the London Underground closes after eighty-eight years in service.

1994 – Ongar railway station, the furthest London Underground from central London, closes.

1999 – The Tokaimura nuclear accident causes the deaths of two technicians in Japan's second-worst nuclear accident.

2000 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: 12-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah is shot and killed on the second day of the Second Intifada.

2004 – The AIM-54 Phoenix, the primary missile for the F-14 Tomcat, is retired from service. Almost two years later, the Tomcat itself is retired.

2005 – Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in a Danish newspaper.

2009 – The 7.6 Mw  Sumatra earthquake leaves 1,115 people dead.

2016 – Hurricane Matthew becomes a Category 5 hurricane, making it the strongest hurricane to form in the Caribbean Sea since 2007.

2016 – Two paintings with a combined value of $100 million are recovered after having been stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in 2002.

[lordroel]

October 1st


331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.

366 – Pope Damasus I is elected.

959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England.

965 – Pope John XIII is elected.

1553 – Coronation of Queen Mary I of England.

1588 – Coronation of Shah Abbas I of Persia.

1730 – Ahmed III is forced to abdicate as the Ottoman sultan.

1787 – Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat the Turks at Kinburn.

1791 – First session of the French Legislative Assembly.

1795 – More than a year after the Battle of Sprimont, France officially annexes the Southern Netherlands.

1800 – Via the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain cedes Louisiana to France, which would sell the land to the United States thirty months later.

1814 – Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleon the previous spring.

1827 – Russo-Persian War: The Russian army storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination of Armenia.

1829 – South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa. It will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.

1832 – Texian political delegates convene to petition for changes in the governance of Mexican Texas.

1843 – The News of the World tabloid begins publication in London.

1861 – Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management is published, going on to sell 60,000 copies in its first year and remaining in print until the present day

1887 – Balochistan is conquered by the British Empire.

1890 – Yosemite National Park is established by the U.S. Congress.

1891 – Stanford University opens its doors in California.

1898 – The Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration is founded under the name k.u.k. Exportakademie.

1903 – The Boston Americans play the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first game of the modern World Series.

1908 – Ford Model T automobiles are offered for sale at a price of US$825.

1910 – A large bomb destroys the Los Angeles Times building, killing 21.

1918 – World War I: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force captures Damascus.

1918 – Sayid Abdullah becomes the last Khan of Khiva.

1928 – The Soviet Union introduces its first five-year plan.

1931 – The George Washington Bridge linking New Jersey and New York opens.

1931 – Clara Campoamor persuades the Constituent Cortes to enfranchise women in Spain's new constitution.

1936 – Francisco Franco is named head of the Nationalist government of Spain.

1938 – Germany annexes the Sudetenland.

1939 – World War II: After a one-month siege, German troops occupy Warsaw.

1940 – The Pennsylvania Turnpike, often considered the first superhighway in the United States, opens to traffic.

1942 – World War II: USS Grouper torpedoes Lisbon Maru, not knowing that she is carrying British prisoners of war from Hong Kong

1943 – World War II: After the Four Days of Naples, Allied troops enter the city.

1946 – Nazi leaders are sentenced at the Nuremberg trials.

1946 – The Daegu October Incident occurs in Allied-occupied Korea.

1946 – Mensa International is founded.

1947 – The North American F-86 Sabre flies for the first time.

1949 – The People's Republic of China is established.

1953 – Andhra State is formed, consisting of a Telugu-speaking area carved out of India's Madras State.

1953 – A Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C.

1955 – The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is established.

1957 – First appearance of In God we trust on U.S. paper currency.

1958 – The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics is replaced by NASA.

1960 – Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1961 – The United States Defense Intelligence Agency is formed, becoming the country's first centralized military intelligence organization.

1961 – East and West Cameroon merge to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon.

1964 – The Free Speech Movement is launched on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.

1964 – Japanese Shinkansen ("bullet trains") begin high-speed rail service from Tokyo to Osaka.

1966 – West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashes with no survivors in Oregon. This accident marks the first loss of a DC-9.

1968 – Guyana nationalizes the British Guiana Broadcasting Service, which would eventually become part of the National Communications Network, Guyana.

1969 – Concorde breaks the sound barrier for the first time.

1971 – Walt Disney World opens near Orlando, Florida.

1971 – The first practical CT scanner is used to diagnose a patient.

1975 – Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.

1978 – Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1979 – Pope John Paul II begins his first pastoral visit to the United States.

1979 – The MTR, the rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong, opens.

1982 – Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.

1982 – Epcot opens at Walt Disney World in Florida.

1982 – Sony and Phillips launch the compact disc in Japan. On the same day, Sony released the model CDP-101 compact disc player, the first player of its kind.

1985 – Israel-Palestinian conflict: Israel attacks the Palestine Liberation Organization headquarters in Tunisia during "Operation Wooden Leg".

1987 – The 5.9 Mw  Whittier Narrows earthquake shakes the San Gabriel Valley with a Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing eight and injuring 200.

1989 – Denmark introduces the world's first legal same-sex registered partnerships.

1991 – Croatian War of Independence: The Siege of Dubrovnik begins.

1992 – Cartoon Network launches.

1994 – Palau enters a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

2000 – Israel-Palestinian conflict: Palestinians protest the murder of 12-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah by the Israeli police in northern Israel, beginning the "October 2000 events".[2]

2001 – Militants attack the state legislature building in Kashmir, killing 38.

2009 – The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom takes over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.

2012 – A ferry collision off the coast of Hong Kong kills 38 people and injures 102 others.

2014 – A series of explosions at a gunpowder plant in Bulgaria completely destroys the factory, killing 15 people.

2015 – A gunman kills nine people at a community college in Oregon.

2015 – Heavy rains trigger a major landslide in Guatemala, killing 280 people.

2017 – An independence referendum, declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain, takes place in Catalonia.

2017 – Fifty-eight people are killed and 851 others injured in a mass shooting on a music festival in Las Vegas.

2018 – Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean is decided by the International Court of Justice.

[lordroel]

October 2nd

829 – Theophilos becomes Byzantine Emperor.

939 – King Otto I crushes a rebellion against his rule by a coalition of Frankish dukes.

1187 – Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.

1263 – The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.

1470 – Wars of the Roses: King Edward IV of England escapes to Flanders, only to return the following March to reclaim his throne.

1528 – William Tyndale publishes The Obedience of a Christian Man, which advocates the divine right of kings.

1535 – Jacques Cartier discovers the present site of Montreal.

1552 – Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.

1780 – American Revolutionary War: John André, a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.

1789 – The United States Bill of Rights is sent to the various States for ratification.

1814 – Chilean War of Independence: Royalist troops defeat Chilean forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and José Miguel Carrera.

1835 – Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.

1864 – American Civil War: Confederates defeat a Union attack on Saltville, Virginia. A "massacre" of wounded Union prisoners ensues.

1870 – A plebiscite held in Rome, supports annexation of city of Rome by the Kingdom of Italy.

1919 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him incapacitated for several weeks.

1925 – John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.

1928 – The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded.

1937 – Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of Haitians living in the northwestern region of the Dominican Republic.

1941 – World War II: In Operation Typhoon, the Wehrmacht attempts to capture Moscow before the onset of winter.

1942 – World War II: Ocean Liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally rams and sinks HMS Curacoa, killing 337 crewmen aboard Curacoa.

1944 – World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising.

1955 – ENIAC, one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers, is shut down.

1958 – Guinea declares its independence from France.

1959 – Rod Serling's anthology series The Twilight Zone premieres on CBS. The first episode is “Where Is Everybody?”

1967 – Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of the United States Supreme Court.

1968 – Mexican President Ordaz orders soldiers to suppress a demonstration of students, ten days before the Olympic games will start.

1970 – An aircraft carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people.

1980 – Michael Myers becomes the first member of either chamber of Congress to be expelled since the Civil War.

1990 – Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301 is hijacked and lands at Guangzhou, where it crashes into two other airliners on the ground, killing 128.

1992 – Military police storm the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil during a prison riot. The resulting massacre leaves 111 prisoners dead.

1996 – improper maintenance procedures cause Aeroperú Flight 603 to crash into the ocean near Peru.

1996 – The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.

2000 – The Rijndael algorithm is chosen by NIST as the AES standard.

2002 – The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.

2005 – The first parkrun, then known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, took place in Bushy Park, London.

2006 – Five Amish girls are murdered in a shooting at a school in Pennsylvania.

2007 – President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea goes to North Korea for an Inter-Korean summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.

2016 – Ethiopian protests break out during a festival in the Oromia region, killing dozens of people.

2018 – Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi is last seen entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.

[lordroel]

October 3rd

2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day.

52 BC – Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius Caesar, ending the siege and battle of Alesia.

42 BC – Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight a decisive battle with Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius.

382 – Roman Emperor Theodosius I concludes a peace treaty with the Goths and settles them in the Balkans.

1283 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd in Wales, is the first nobleman to be executed by hanging, drawing and quartering.

1392 – Muhammed VII becomes the twelfth sultan of the Emirate of Granada.

1574 – The Siege of Leiden is lifted by the Watergeuzen.

1683 – Qing dynasty naval commander Shi Lang receives the surrender of the Tungning kingdom on Taiwan after the Battle of Penghu.

1712 – The Duke of Montrose issues a warrant for the arrest of Rob Roy MacGregor.

1739 – The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian–Turkish War.

1789 – George Washington proclaims a Thanksgiving Day for that year.

1795 – Slave rebel leader Tula is executed in Curaçao.

1863 – The last Thursday in November is declared as Thanksgiving Day by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

1873 – Chief Kintpuash and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War of northern California.

1912 – U.S. forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill.

1918 – King Boris III of Bulgaria accedes to the throne.

1919 – Cincinnati Reds pitcher Adolfo Luque becomes the first Latin player to appear in a World Series.

1929 – The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Yugoslavia.

1930 – The German Socialist Labour Party in Poland – Left is founded.

1932 – Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1935 – Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia.

1942 – A German V-2 rocket reaches a record 85 km (46 nm) in altitude.

1943 – World War II: German forces murder 92 civilians in Lyngiades, Greece.

1949 – WERD, the first black-owned radio station in the United States, opens in Atlanta.

1951 – Korean War: The First Battle of Maryang San pits Commonwealth troops against communist Chinese troops.

1952 – The United Kingdom successfully tests a nuclear weapon to become the world's third nuclear power.

1957 – The California State Superior Court rules that the book Howl and Other Poems is not obscene.

1962 – Project Mercury: Wally Schirra in Sigma 7 launched from Cape Canaveral for a six-orbit flight.

1963 – A violent coup in Honduras begins two decades of military rule.

1978 – All aboard (12 VIP passengers and 3 crew) die when a Finnish Air Force DC-3 crashes.

1981 – The hunger strike at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland ends after seven months and ten deaths.

1985 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis makes its maiden flight.

1986 – TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron at the Chalk River Laboratories in Canada, is officially opened.

1989 – A coup in Panama City is suppressed and 11 participants are executed.

1990 – The German Democratic Republic is abolished and becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

1991 – Nadine Gordimer is announced as the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.[1]

1993 – An American attack against a warlord in Mogadishu fails. Eighteen attackers and over 350 Somalis die.

2008 – The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the U.S. financial system is signed by President George W. Bush.

2009 – Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey join together in the Turkic Council.

2010 – The 19th Commonwealth Games commence in Delhi.

2013 – At least 134 migrants are killed when their boat sinks near the Italian island of Lampedusa.

2015 – Forty-two are killed and 33 go missing in the Kunduz hospital airstrike.

[lordroel]

October 4th

AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. They later decapitate emperor Wang Mang.

1227 – Assassination of Caliph al-Adil of Morocco.

1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes to an end.

1363 – Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang's rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.

1511 – Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.

1535 – The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.

1582 – The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.

1597 – Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canço begins to suppress a native uprising against his rule in what is now Georgia.

1636 – Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.

1693 – Nine Years' War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.

1777 – American Revolutionary War: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under William Howe.

1795 – Napoleon first rises to prominence by suppressing counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the National Convention.

1824 – Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.

1830 – The Belgian Revolution takes legal form when the provisional government secedes from the Netherlands.

1853 – The Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Russian Empire.

1876 – The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas opens as the first public college in Texas.

1883 – First run of the Orient Express.

1883 – First meeting of the Boys' Brigade in Glasgow, Scotland.

1895 – Horace Rawlins wins the first U.S. Open Men's Golf Championship.

1904 – The IFK Göteborg football club is founded in Sweden.

1917 – World War I: The Battle of Broodseinde is fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.

1918 – World War I: An explosion kills more than 100 people and destroys a Shell Loading Plant in New Jersey.

1927 – Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mount Rushmore.

1936 – The British Union of Fascists and various anti-fascist organizations violently clash in the Battle of Cable Street.

1941 – Norman Rockwell's Willie Gillis character debuts on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.

1957 – Sputnik 1 becomes the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.

1958 – The current constitution of France is adopted.

1960 – An airliner crashes on takeoff from Boston's Logan International Airport, killing 62 people.

1963 – Hurricane Flora kills 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.

1965 – Pope Paul VI begins the first papal visit to the Americas.

1966 – Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.

1967 – Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son.

1983 – Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 miles per hour (1,019.468 km/h) at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.

1985 – The Free Software Foundation is founded.

1991 – The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.

1992 – The Rome General Peace Accords end a 16-year civil war in Mozambique.

1992 – El Al Flight 1862 crashes into two apartment buildings in Amsterdam, killing 43 including 39 on the ground.

1993 – Battle of Mogadishu occurs killing 18 US Special Forces, two UN Peackeepers and at least 600 Somalian militia men and civilians.

1993 – Tanks bombard the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Yeltsin rally outside.

1997 – The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs in North Carolina

2001 – Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 crashes after being struck by an errant Ukrainian missile. Seventy-eight people are killed.

2003 – The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing Israel kills twenty-one Israelis, both Jews and Arabs.

2004 – SpaceShipOne wins the Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight.

2006 – WikiLeaks is launched.

2010 – The Ajka plant accident Hungary releases a million cubic metres of liquid alumina sludge, killing nine, injuring 122, and severely contaminating two major rivers.

2017 – Nigerien and US Special Forces ambushed by Islamic State militants outside the village of Tongo Tongo.

[lordroel]

October 5th

610 – Heraclius arrives at Constantinople, kills Byzantine Emperor Phocas, and becomes emperor.

816 – King Louis the Pious is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope.

869 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to depose patriarch Photios I.

1143 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognises Portugal as a Kingdom.

1450 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria expels Jews from his jurisdiction.

1550 – Foundation of Concepción, Chile.

1607 – Assassins sent by the Pope attempt to kill Venetian statesman and scientist Paolo Sarpi.

1665 – The University of Kiel is founded.

1789 – French Revolution: The Women's March on Versailles effectively terminates royal authority.

1813 – War of 1812: The Army of the Northwest defeats a British and Native Canadian force threatening Detroit.

1838 – The Killough massacre in east Texas sees eighteen Texian settlers either killed or kidnapped.

1857 – The city of Anaheim, California is founded.

1869 – The Saxby Gale devastates the Bay of Fundy region in Canada.

1869 – The Hennepin Island tunnel collapses during construction, nearly destroying St. Anthony Falls.

1877 – The Nez Perce War in the northwestern United States comes to an end.

1905 – The Wright Brothers pilot the Wright Flyer III in a new world record flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes.

1910 – In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared.

1911 – The Kowloon–Canton Railway commences service.

1914 – World War I: An aircraft successfully destroys another aircraft with gunfire.[2]

1921 – The World Series is the first to be broadcast on radio.

1930 – British airship R101 crashes in France en route to India on its maiden voyage.

1936 – The Jarrow March sets off for London.

1938 – In Nazi Germany, Jews' passports are invalidated.

1943 – Ninety-eight American POWs are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.

1944 – The Provisional Government of the French Republic enfranchises women.

1945 – A six-month strike by Hollywood set decorators turns into a bloody riot at the gates of the Warner Brothers studio.

1947 – President Truman makes the first televised Oval Office address.[3]

1948 – The Ashgabat earthquake kills between 10,000 and 110,000 people.

1966 – A reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station near Detroit suffers a partial meltdown.

1968 – A Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in Derry is violently suppressed by police.

1970 – The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is founded.

1970 – The British Trade Commissioner is kidnapped by members of the FLQ, triggering the October Crisis in Canada.

1974 – Bombs planted by the PIRA kill four British soldiers and one civilian.

1982 – Tylenol products are recalled after bottles in Chicago laced with cyanide cause seven deaths.

1984 – Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space.

1986 – Mordechai Vanunu's story in The Sunday Times reveals Israel's secret nuclear weapons.

1988 – A Chilean opposition coalition defeats Augusto Pinochet in his re-election attempt.

1990 – After 150 years The Herald newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, is published for the last time as a separate newspaper.

1991 – An Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash kills 135 people.

1999 – The Ladbroke Grove rail crash in west London kills 31 people.

2000 – Mass demonstrations in Serbia force the resignation of Slobodan Milošević.

2011 – In the Mekong River massacre, two Chinese cargo boats are hijacked and 13 crew members murdered.

[lordroel]

YouTube (Today in History for October 6th)



105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army.

69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: Forces of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.

AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion.

404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh and last pregnancy.

618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi.

1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters.

1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period.

1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America.

1762 – Seven Years' War: The British Capture Manila from Spain and occupy it.

1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River.

1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace.

1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.

1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.

1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island.

1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music.

1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time.

1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected prime minister of Greece for the first of seven times.

1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople.

1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie.

1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland.

1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal.

1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete.

1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass.

1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War.

1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group.

1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China.

1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre.

1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight.

1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House.

1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists.

1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London.

1987 – Fiji becomes a republic.

1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered.

2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.

2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded.

[lordroel]

October 7th

YouTube (Today in History for October 7th)



3761 BC – The epoch reference date epoch (origin) of the modern Hebrew calendar.

1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet.

1477 – Uppsala University is inaugurated after receiving its corporate rights from Pope Sixtus IV in February the same year.

1513 – War of the League of Cambrai: Spain defeats Venice.

1571 – The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Ottoman Navy suffers its first defeat.

1691 – The charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay is issued.

1763 – King George III issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing Indigenous lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.

1777 – American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat the British in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights.

1780 – American Revolutionary War: American militia defeat royalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina.

1800 – French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent.

1826 – The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.

1828 – Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.

1840 – Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.

1864 – American Civil War: A US Navy ship captures a Confederate raider in a Brazilian seaport.

1868 – Cornell University holds opening day ceremonies; initial student enrollment is 412, the highest at any American university to that date.

1870 – Franco-Prussian War: Léon Gambetta escapes the siege of Paris in a hot-air balloon.

1879 – Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the "Twofold Covenant" and create the Dual Alliance.

1912 – The Helsinki Stock Exchange sees its first transaction.

1916 – Georgia Tech defeats Cumberland University 222–0 in the most lopsided college football game in American history.

1919 – KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.

1924 – Andreas Michalakopoulos becomes prime minister of Greece for a short period of time.

1929 – Photius II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

1933 – Air France is inaugurated, after being formed by a merger of five French airlines.

1940 – World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.

1944 – World War II: During an uprising at Birkenau concentration camp, Jewish prisoners burn down Crematorium IV.

1949 – The communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is formed.

1950 – Mother Teresa establishes the Missionaries of Charity.

1958 – The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état inaugurates a prolonged period of military rule.

1958 – The U.S. manned space-flight project is renamed Project Mercury.

1959 – The Soviet probe Luna 3 transmits the first-ever photographs of the far side of the Moon.

1963 – President Kennedy signs the ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

1977 – The Fourth Soviet Constitution is adopted.

1985 – The Mameyes landslide kills almost 200 people in Puerto Rico.

1985 – Four men from the Palestine Liberation Front hijack the MS Achille Lauro off the coast of Egypt.

1987 – Sikh nationalists declare the independence of Khalistan from India; it is not internationally recognized.

1988 – A hunter discovers three gray whales trapped under the ice near Alaska; the situation becomes a multinational effort to free the whales.

1991 – Croatian War of Independence: Bombing of Banski dvori in Zagreb, Croatia.

1993 – The flood of '93 ends at St. Louis, Missouri, 103 days after it began, as the Mississippi River falls below flood stage.

1996 – Fox News Channel begins broadcasting.

1998 – Matthew Shepard, a gay student at the University of Wyoming, is found tied to a fence after being savagely beaten by two young adults in Laramie, Wyoming. He died five days later.

2000 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Hezbollah militants capture three Israeli Defense Force soldiers in a cross-border raid.

2001 – The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan begins with an air assault and covert operations on the ground.

2002 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-112 to continue assembly of the International Space Station.

2008 – Asteroid 2008 TC3 impacts the Earth over Sudan, the first time an asteroid impact is detected prior to its entry into earth's atmosphere.

2016 – In the wake of Hurricane Matthew, the death toll rises to 800.

[lordroel]

October 8th

YouTube (Today in History for October 8th)



314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories.

451 – The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins.

876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger prevent a West Frankish invasion and defeat emperor Charles II ("the Bald").

1075 – Dmitar Zvonimir is crowned King of Croatia.

1200 – Isabella of Angoulême is crowned Queen consort of England.

1322 – Mladen II Šubić of Bribir is deposed as the Croatian Ban after the Battle of Bliska.

1480 – The Great stand on the Ugra river puts an end to Tartar rule over Moscow

1573 – End of the Spanish siege of Alkmaar, the first Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.

1596 – The Union of Brest: The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnieper becomes known as the Ukrainian Rite of Roman Church.

1645 – Jeanne Mance open the first lay hospital in North America.

1813 – The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.

1821 – The Peruvian Navy is established during the War of Independence.

1829 – Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials.

1856 – The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident.

1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate invasion of Kentucky is halted at the Battle of Perryville.

1871 – The Great Chicago Fire and the much deadlier Peshtigo Fire break out.

1879 – War of the Pacific: The Chilean Navy defeats the Peruvian Navy in the Battle of Angamos.

1895 – Korean Empress Myeongseong is assassinated by Japanese infiltrators.

1912 – The First Balkan War begins when Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.

1918 – World War I: Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132, winning the Medal of Honor.

1921 – KDKA in Pittsburgh's Forbes Field conducts the first live broadcast of a football game.

1939 – World War II: Germany annexes western Poland.

1941 – World War II: During the preliminaries of the Battle of Rostov, German forces reach the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.

1943 – World War II: Around 30 civilians are executed by Friedrich Schubert's paramilitary group in Kallikratis, Crete.

1944 – World War II: Captain Bobbie Brown earns a Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Crucifix Hill, just outside Aachen.

1952 – The Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash kills 112 people.

1956 – The New York Yankees's Don Larsen pitches the only perfect game in a World Series.

1962 – Der Spiegel publishes an article disclosing the sorry state of the Bundeswehr, and is soon accused of treason.

1967 – Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.

1969 – The opening rally of the Days of Rage occurs, organized by the Weather Underground in Chicago.

1973 – Yom Kippur War: Israel loses more than 150 tanks in a failed attack on Egyptian-occupied positions.

1973 – Spyros Markezinis begins his 48-day term as prime minister in an abortive attempt to lead Greece to parliamentary rule.

1974 – Franklin National Bank collapses due to fraud and mismanagement; at the time it is the largest bank failure in the history of the United States.

1978 – Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 317.60 mph at Blowering Dam, Australia.

1982 – Poland bans Solidarity and all other trade unions.

1982 – Cats opens on Broadway and runs for nearly 18 years before closing on September 10, 2000.

1990 – Second Intifada: Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock.

1991 – Upon the expiration of the Brioni Agreement, Croatia and Slovenia sever all official relations with Yugoslavia.

2001 – A twin engine Cessna and a Scandinavian Airlines System jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.

2001 – U.S. President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security.

2005 – The 7.6 Mw  Kashmir earthquake leaves 86,000–87,351 people dead, 69,000–75,266 injured, and 2.8 million homeless.

2014 – Thomas Eric Duncan, the first person in the United States to be diagnosed with Ebola, dies.

2016 – In the wake of Hurricane Matthew, the death toll rises to nearly 900.

[lordroel]

October 9th

YouTube (Today in History for October 9th)




768 – Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned kings of the Franks.

1238 – James I of Aragon founds the Kingdom of Valencia.

1410 – The first known mention of the Prague astronomical clock.

1446 – The hangul alphabet is published in Korea.

1594 – Troops of the Portuguese Empire are defeated on Sri Lanka, bringing an end to the Campaign of Danture.

1604 – Supernova 1604 is sighted, the most recent supernova to be observed within the Milky Way.

1635 – Roger Williams is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony after religious and policy disagreements.

1701 – The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook.

1708 – Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya.

1740 – Dutch colonists and Javanese natives begin massacring the ethnic Chinese population in Batavia, eventually killing 10,000.

1760 – Seven Years' War: Russian and Austrian troops briefly occupy Berlin.

1790 – A severe earthquake in northern Algeria causes severe damage and a tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea and kills three thousand.

1799 – HMS Lutine sinks with the loss of 240 men and a cargo worth £1,200,000.

1804 – Hobart, capital of Tasmania, is founded.

1806 – Prussia begins the War of the Fourth Coalition against France.

1812 – War of 1812: In a naval engagement on Lake Erie, American forces capture two British ships: HMS Detroit and HMS Caledonia.

1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.

1824 – Slavery in Latin America: Slavery is abolished in Costa Rica.

1825 – Restauration arrives in New York Harbor from Norway, the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States.

1831 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first head of state of independent Greece, is assassinated.

1834 – Opening of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway, the first public railway on the island of Ireland.

1847 – Slavery in the British and French Caribbean: Slavery is abolished in Saint Barthélemy.

1854 – Crimean War: The siege of Sebastopol begins.

1861 – American Civil War: Union troops repel a Confederate attempt to capture Fort Pickens.

1864 – American Civil War: Union cavalrymen defeat Confederate forces at Toms Brook, Virginia.

1873 – A meeting at the U.S. Naval Academy establishes the U.S. Naval Institute.

1874 – A international postal union is created by the Treaty of Bern.

1900 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.

1907 – Las Cruces, New Mexico is incorporated.

1911 – An accidental bomb explosion triggers the Wuchang Uprising against the Chinese monarchy.

1913 – The steamship SS Volturno catches fire in the mid-Atlantic.

1914 – World War I: The Siege of Antwerp comes to an end.

1918 – The Finnish Parliament offers to Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse the throne of a short-lived Kingdom of Finland.

1919 – The Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, resulting in the Black Sox Scandal.

1934 – An Ustashe assassin kills King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Louis Barthou, Foreign Minister of France, in Marseille.

1936 – Boulder Dam (later Hoover Dam) begins to generate electricity and transmit it to Los Angeles.

1937 – Murder of 9 catholic priests in Zhengding, China, who protected the local population from the advancing Japanese army.

1941 – A coup in Panama declares Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango the new president.

1942 – Australia's Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 receives royal assent.

1950 – The Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre in Korea begins.

1962 – Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm.

1963 – In Italy, a large landslide a causes a giant wave to overtop the Vajont Dam, killing over 2,000.

1966 – Vietnam War: South Korean troops commit the Binh Tai Massacre.

1967 – A day after his capture, Ernesto "Che" Guevara is executed for attempting to incite a revolution in Bolivia.

1969 – In Chicago, the National Guard is called in as demonstrations continue in over the trial of the "Chicago Eight".

1970 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia.

1980 – Pope John Paul II greets the Dalai Lama during a private audience in Vatican City.

1981 – President Francois Mitterrand abolishes capital punishment in France.

1983 – South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan survives an assassination attempt in Rangoon, Burma (present-day Yangon, Myanmar), but the blast kills 21 and injures 17 others.

1986 – The Phantom of the Opera, eventually the second longest running musical in London, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre.

1995 – An Amtrak Sunset Limited train is derailed by saboteurs near Palo Verde, Arizona.

2003 – Mission: Space opens to the public in Walt Disney World.

2006 – North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.

2009 – First lunar impact of NASA's Lunar Precursor Robotic Program.

2012 – Pakistani Taliban attempt to assassinate outspoken schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai.

2016 – The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army launches its first attack on Myanmar security forces along the Bangladesh–Myanmar border.

[lordroel]

October 10th

YouTube (Today in History for October 10th)



680 – Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali is decapitated by Caliph Yazid I's troops.

732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army between near Tours, France.

1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with the help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by King Christian I of Denmark.

1575 – Roman Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.

1580 – Over 600 Papal troops land in Ireland to support the Second Desmond Rebellion.

1631 – Thirty Years' War: An army of the Electorate of Saxony seizes Prague.

1760 – In a treaty with the Dutch colonial authorities, the Ndyuka people of Suriname – descended from escaped slaves – gain territorial autonomy.

1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000–30,000 in the Caribbean.

1814 – The United States Revenue Marine attempts to defend the cutter Eagle from the Royal Navy.

1845 – In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 students.

1846 – Triton, the largest moon of the planet Neptune, is discovered by English astronomer William Lassell.

1868 – The Ten Years' War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba.

1871 – Chicago burns after a barn accident. The fire lasts from October 8–10.

1903 – The Women's Social and Political Union is founded in support of the enfranchisement of British women.

1911 – The day after a bomb explodes prematurely, the Wuchang Uprising begins against the Chinese monarchy.

1913 – U.S. President Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, completing major construction on the Panama Canal.

1918 – RMS Leinster is torpedoed and sunk by UB-123, killing 564, the worst-ever on the Irish Sea.[1][2]

1920 – The Carinthian plebiscite determines that the larger part of the Duchy of Carinthia should remain part of Austria.

1928 – Chiang Kai-shek becomes Chairman of the Republic of China.

1933 – A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by sabotage, the first such proven case in the history of commercial aviation.

1935 – In Greece, a coup d'état ends the Second Hellenic Republic.

1938 – Abiding by the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia completes its withdrawal from the Sudetenland.

1945 – The Double Tenth Agreement is signed by the Communist Party and the Kuomintang about the future of China.

1957 – U.S. President Eisenhower apologizes to Ghanaian finance minister Gbedemah after he is refused service in a Delaware restaurant.

1957 – The Windscale fire results in Britain's worst nuclear accident.

1963 – France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia.

1963 – The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty comes into effect.

1964 – The Tokyo Summer Olympics opening ceremony is the first to be relayed live by satellites.

1967 – The Outer Space Treaty comes into force.

1970 – Fiji becomes independent.

1970 – Canada's October Crisis escalates when Quebec's vice-premier is kidnapped by members of the FLQ.

1973 – U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns after being charged with evasion of federal income tax.

1975 – Papua New Guinea joins the United Nations.

1980 – The 7.1 Mw  El Asnam earthquake shakes northern Algeria, killing 2,633 and injuring 8,369.

1980 – The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front is founded in El Salvador.

1985 – US Navy aircraft intercept an Egyptian airliner carrying the perpetrators of the Achille Lauro hijacking, and force it to land in Italy.

1986 – A 5.7 Mw  San Salvador earthquake shakes El Salvador, killing 1,500.

1997 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 2553 crashes and explodes in Uruguay, killing 74.

1998 – A Lignes Aériennes Congolaises jetliner is shot down by rebels in Kindu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 41 people.

2009 – Armenia and Turkey sign the Zurich Protocols, intended to normalize relations. However, they are never ratified by either side.

2010 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved as a country.

2015 – Twin bomb blasts in the Turkish capital Ankara kill 102 and injure 400.

2018 – Hurricane Michael makes landfall in the Florida Panhandle as a catastrophic Category 5 hurricane. It kills 57 people in the United States, 45 in Florida, and causes an estimated $25.1 billion in damage.

[lordroel]

October 11th

YouTube (Today in History for October 11th)



1138 – A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever.

1142 – A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars.

1311 – The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of English kings with the Ordinances of 1311.

1531 – Huldrych Zwingli is killed in battle with the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.

1614 – The New Netherland Company applies to the States General of the Netherlands for exclusive trading rights in what is now the northeastern United States.

1634 – The Burchardi flood kills around 15,000 in North Friesland, Denmark and Germany.

1649 – Cromwell's New Model Army Sacks Wexford, killing over 2,000 Irish Confederate troops and 1,500 civilians.

1767 – Surveying for the Mason–Dixon line separating Maryland from Pennsylvania is completed.

1776 – American Revolution: A fleet of American boats on Lake Champlain is defeated by the Royal Navy, but delays the British advance until 1777.

1797 – The Royal Navy decisively defeats the Batavian Navy at Camperdown during the French Revolutionary Wars.

1811 – The Juliana begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry in New York harbor.

1840 – The Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottoman Empire and later is sent to Malta in exile.

1852 – The University of Sydney, Australia's oldest university, is inaugurated in Sydney.

1862 – American Civil War: Confederate troops conduct a raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

1865 – Hundreds of black men and women march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.

1890 – In Washington, D.C., the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded.

1899 – The Second Boer War erupts in South Africa between the British-ruled Cape Colony, and the Boer-ruled Transvaal and Orange Free State.

1906 – San Francisco sparks a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Japan by ordering segregated schools for Japanese students.

1910 – Piloted by Arch Hoxsey, Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first U.S. president to fly in an airplane.

1912 – First Balkan War: The day after the Battle of Sarantaporo, Greek troops liberate the city of Kozani.

1918 – The 7.1 Mw San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico. The quake and resulting tsunami kill up to 116 people.

1937 – The Duke and Duchess of Windsor tour Nazi Germany for 12 days and meet Adolf Hitler on the 22nd.

1941 – Beginning of the National Liberation War of Macedonia.

1942 – World War II: Off Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese force.

1944 – The Tuvan People's Republic is annexed by the Soviet Union.

1950 – CBS's field-sequential color system for television is the first to be licensed for broadcast by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

1954 – In accord with the 1954 Geneva Conference, French troops complete their withdrawal from North Vietnam.

1958 – NASA launches Pioneer 1, its first space probe, although it fails to achieve a stable orbit.

1962 – The Second Vatican Council becomes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.

1968 – NASA launches Apollo 7, the first successful manned Apollo mission.

1972 – A race riot occurs on the United States Navy aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off the coast of Vietnam.

1976 – George Washington is posthumously promoted to the grade of General of the Armies.

1984 – Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.

1984 – Aeroflot Flight 3352 crashes into maintenance vehicles upon landing in Omsk, Russia, killing 178.

1986 – Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Iceland to continue discussions about scaling back IRBM arsenals in Europe.

1987 – The AIDS Memorial Quilt is first displayed during the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.

1987 – Start of Operation Pawan by Indian forces in Sri Lanka. Thousands of civilians, insurgents, soldiers die.

1991 – Prof. Anita Hill delivers her televised testimony concerning sexual harassment during the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination.

2000 – NASA launches STS-92, the 100th Space Shuttle mission.

2001 – The Polaroid Corporation files for federal bankruptcy protection.

2002 – A bomb attack in a shopping mall in Finland kills seven.

2013 – A migrant boat sinks in the Channel of Sicily with at least 34 people dead.

2018 – Soyuz MS-10, launching an intended crew for the ISS, suffers an in-flight abort. The crew lands safely.

[lordroel]

October 12th

YouTube (Today in History for October 12th)



539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)

633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by the British under Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd.

1279 – The Nichiren Shōshū branch of Buddhism is founded in Japan.

1398 – In the Treaty of Salynas, Lithuania cedes Samogitia to the Teutonic Knights.

1492 – Christopher Columbus's first expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean, specifically in The Bahamas.

1654 – The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100 people.

1692 – The Salem witch trials are ended by a letter from the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Province.

1748 – War of Jenkins' Ear : A British squadron wins a tactical victory over a Spanish squadron off Havana.

1773 – America's first insane asylum opens.

1792 – The first celebration of Columbus Day is held in New York City.

1793 – The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid at the University of North Carolina.

1798 – Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the Peasants' War.

1799 – Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.

1810 – The citizens of Munich hold the first Oktoberfest.

1822 – Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed the emperor.

1847 – Werner von Siemens founds Siemens & Halske, which later becomes Siemens AG.

1849 – The city of Manizales, Colombia, is founded by 'The Expedition of the 20'.

1871 – The British in India enact the Criminal Tribes Act, naming many local communities "Criminal Tribes".

1890 – Uddevalla Suffrage Association is formed.

1892 – The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited by students in many US public schools.

1901 – President Theodore Roosevelt officially renames the "Executive Mansion" to the White House.

1915 – World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium

1917 – World War I: The First Battle of Passchendaele takes place resulting in the largest single day loss of life in New Zealand history.

1918 – A massive forest fire kills 453 people in Minnesota.

1928 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.

1933 – The military Alcatraz Citadel becomes the civilian Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary.

1944 – World War II: The Axis occupation of Athens comes to an end.

1945 – World War II: Desmond Doss is the first conscientious objector to receive the U.S. Medal of Honor.

1959 – At the national congress of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance in Peru, a group of leftist radicals are expelled from the party who later form APRA Rebelde.

1960 – Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a desk at the United Nations to protest a Philippine assertion.

1960 – Japan Socialist Party leader Inejiro Asanuma is stabbed to death during a live Television broadcast.

1962 – The Columbus Day Storm strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with record wind velocities; 46 dead and at least U.S. $230 million in damages.

1963 – After nearly 23 years of imprisonment, Reverend Walter Ciszek, a Jesuit missionary, was released from the Soviet Union.

1964 – The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew, and the first flight without pressure suits.

1968 – Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain.

1970 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization continues as President Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.

1971 – The 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire begins.

1979 – The lowest recorded non-tornadic atmospheric pressure, 87.0 kPa (870 mbar or 25.69 inHg), occurred in the western Pacific Ocean during Typhoon Tip.

1983 – Japan's former Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from the Lockheed Corporation, and is sentenced to four years in jail.

1984 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army fail to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet. The bomb kills five people and wounds 31.

1988 – Two officers of the Victoria Police are gunned down execution-style in the Walsh Street police shootings, Australia.

1992 – A 5.8 earthquake occurred in Cairo, Egypt. At least 510 died.

1994 – The Magellan spacecraft burns up in the atmosphere of Venus.

1997 – The Sidi Daoud massacre in Algeria kills 43 people at a fake roadblock.

1998 – Matthew Shepard, a gay student at University of Wyoming, dies five days after he was beaten outside of Laramie.

1999 – Pervez Musharraf takes power in Pakistan from Nawaz Sharif through a bloodless coup.

1999 – The former Autonomous Soviet Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia.

2000 – A US Navy destroyer is badly damaged by two suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.

2002 – Terrorists detonate bombs in the Sari Club in Bali, killing 202 and wounding over 300.

2005 – The second Chinese human spaceflight, Shenzhou 6, is launched, carrying two cosmonauts in orbit for five days.

2013 – Fifty-one people are killed after a truck veers off a cliff in Peru.

2017 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO. and is immediately followed by Israel.

2018 – Princess Eugenie marries Jack Brooksbank at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

[lordroel]

October 13th

YouTube (Today in History for October 13th)



AD 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances.

409 – Vandals and Alans cross the Pyrenees and appear in Hispania.

1269 – The present church building at Westminster Abbey is consecrated.

1307 – Hundreds of Knights Templar in France are arrested at dawn by King Phillip the Fair, and later confess under torture to heresy.

1332 – Rinchinbal Khan becomes the Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty, reigning for only 53 days.

1399 – Coronation of Henry IV of England at Westminster Abbey.

1644 – A Swedish–Dutch fleet defeats the Danish fleet at Fehmarn and captures about 1,000 prisoners.

1710 – Port Royal, the capital of French Acadia, falls in a siege by British forces.

1775 – The Continental Congress establishes the Continental Navy (predecessor of the United States Navy).

1792 – In Washington, D.C., the cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion (known as the White House since 1818) is laid.

1793 – French Revolutionary Wars: Austro-Prussian victory over Republican France at the First Battle of Wissembourg

1812 – War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock's British and native forces repel an invasion of Canada by General Rensselaer's United States forces.

1821 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is publicly proclaimed.

1843 – In New York City, B'nai B'rith, the oldest Jewish service organization in the world, is founded.

1881 – First known conversation in modern Hebrew by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and friends.

1884 – The International Meridian Conference establishes the meridian of the Greenwich Observatory as the prime meridian.

1885 – The Georgia Institute of Technology is founded in Atlanta, Georgia.

1892 – Edward Emerson Barnard discovers first comet discovered by photographic means.

1903 – The Boston Red Sox win the first modern World Series, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the eighth game.

1908 – Margaret Travers Symons bursts into the UK parliament and became the first woman to speak there.

1911 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, becomes the first Governor General of Canada of royal descent.

1915 – First World War: The Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt marks the end of the Battle of Loos.

1917 – The "Miracle of the Sun" is witnessed by an estimated 70,000 people in the Cova da Iria in Portugal.

1921 – Soviet republics sign the Treaty of Kars to formalize the borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states.

1923 – Ankara becomes the capital of Turkey.

1943 – World War II: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany.

1944 – World War II: The Soviet Riga Offensive captures the city.

1946 – France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.

1962 – The Pacific Northwest experiences a cyclone the equal of a Cat 3 hurricane, with winds above 150 mph. 46 people die.

1972 – Aeroflot Flight 217 crashes outside Moscow, killing 174.

1972 – Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashes in the Andes mountains. 28 survive the crash. All but 16 succumb before rescue on December 23

1976 – The first electron micrograph of an Ebola virus is taken at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by Dr. F. A. Murphy.

1977 – Hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

1983 – Ameritech Mobile Communications launches the first US cellular network in Chicago.

1990 – Syrian forces attack free areas of Lebanon, removing General Michel Aoun from the presidential palace.

2010 – The mining accident in Copiapó, Chile ends as all 33 trapped miners arrive at the surface after a record 69 days underground.

2013 – A stampede occurs in India during the Hindu festival Navratri, killing 115 and injuring more than 110.

2016 – The Maldives announces its decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations.