Chaos TL - a world without Genghis Khan

[Max Sinister]

Russian lands 1600-1650

(Population at this time: Vladimir-Suzdal 16 million, Kiev-Chernigov 18 million, Novorossiya 5 million)

Since 1600: Novorossiya undergoes an amazing modernization process, introducing many advances imported from China. Except for Chinese arts and science, the changes also concern the life of the common man, like drinking tea, gambling with cards instead of dice, wearing clothes with a more Chinese style

1602: Grand Prince Pyotr of Vladimir crowned first Czar of Vladimir-Suzdal.

1604: Polish king Ludwik feels angered by the new Czar, wants to get rid of the Russian threat, starts a preventive war against Vladimir-Suzdal.

1609: Sharukan (OTL Charkov), capital of the Kipchaks / Kumans / Polovtser conquered by Kiev-Chernigov.

1610: Polish army destroyed in the battle of Kostroma.

1612: Peace of Thurau. Poland has to cede the former princedom of Smolensk to Vladimir.

1613: Chinese school of Yenisseisk expands so that everything concerning China is taught: Their language, their technologies, their culture, their strategy, their philosophy, everything. Some of this knowledge will filter to Old Russia, together with republican ideas (see below!).

1617-32: Novorussian War of Independence. When Kiev-Chernigov supports them, Vladimir has to accept that they leave. The republic of Novorossiya is founded. Capital becomes Yenisseisk.

(Population at this time: Vladimir 20 million, Kiev-Chernigov 22 million, Novorossiya 7.5 million)

1629: Novorossiya builds the first Russian dry dock at Patsifikskaya (OTL Vladivostok), with the help of Chinese artisans, paid by money earned with otter pelts sold to China.

1637: Novorossiyans found first settlement on Ezo (OTL Hokkaido).

1638: Novorossiya gives itself the first constitution.

1644: Novorossiya claims Alyeska.

1647: Novorossiyan republic makes a contract with the Hong empire to fight the people north of the Chinese Wall. The emperor sends them strategical, scientific and technical advisors.

[Max Sinister]

Central Europe 1600-1650

~1600: 100 years after the Twenty-Year War, the German population has completely recovered and even grown further. The German nobles repeatedly raised taxes, which the peasants in Saxony, Thuringia, Franconia and Swabia can't pay any more, because in these areas, the peasants divide their lands among all kids - so their plots become smaller and smaller. The revolters demand a "jubilee" (when all debts are to be cancelled), no lord except emperor, pope and God, liberation of the serfs, election of the clerics by the people, peace among Christians, restitution of their old rights and lower taxes. The uprisings are mixed with religious movements (which are, sadly, often antisemitic). Except for the Swiss confederation, the uprisings are defeated everywhere. Those who can, try their luck elsewhere - some going even to Atlantis.

1607: University of Gran (old capital of Hungary) re-founded.

The Sixtine Calendar (technically equivalent to OTL Gregorian Calendar) is introduced in Western / Central Europe. Only the Gottesfreistaat Münster refuses to introduce it, which will happen later in 1679.

1612: After the death of king Eduard I of the Netherlands, his younger sons receive small shares too (Namur and Frisia). Namur secedes soon and is subsequently swallowed by France.

1615: After the lost war against Vladimir-Suzdal, Poland elects mighty king Henry V of England new king.

1616-19: "Island uprising" in Sardinia and Corsica after trying to reform the administration too fast (after French example). Florence proves unable to overwhelm them again, but gets the promise from France that they won't try to conquer them.

1627-32: Second Swiss-Savoy War. At the beginning the Swiss are in advantage, but later the rebellion in the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal gives France the opportunity to strike against the Swiss. In the peace of Turin, the Swiss have to give the French-speaking area around Geneva, some fortresses in Alsace and at the Rhine (like Kehl) to France, and Savoy joins the Alliance des Alpes, becoming a French satellite.

1628: Florence, still grumbling, bribes the Portuguese commander of the fortress Ceuta, so he gives them the city, which they keep, to protect their connection to Atlantis.

1629: The disgraced commander of the Mediterranean fleet, a duke Francisco of Álvarez, goes to Sicily, together with the occupation forces fled from the Marches and Algeria, sets up the (unrecognized) kingdom of Sicily (incl. Tunis, Malta, the Baleares). Threatened by the Rum-Seljuks, he makes an alliance with France.

1630-35: France and Denmark-Braunschweig fight the Netherlands in the Anti-Dutch War. In the peace of Bremen, the Dutch choose to keep their Caribbean colonies, give Denmark-Braunschweig Nieuw-Nederland. France gets a good part of Flanders and all of Hennegau / Hainaut. As the Dutch say, now their Silver Age has also ended.

1631: Florentines finally part with the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal, since the Florentines want to annex the Duchy of the Marches. They make a compromise with France: While the former Papal state is still nominally under the pope, Florence will "administrate" it for him. This is also seen as a compensation for the pope staying in Avignon, while many Italians still wish for his return to Rome. In addition, Florence has to allow France's ally Venice to annex the more valuable North: Bologna, Ferrara and Ravenna.

1634: Spain and Sicily make a contract: Spain acknowledges the independence of Sicily (not however, the fact that Sicily is a kingdom), gets the Baleares back. King, duke and elector Ernst V of Denmark-Braunschweig dies without a son, makes his daughter Margarethe new queen.

1637: Poland joins the HREGN, to be better protected against the Russians, and even gets one electoral vote. Its German neighbors secretly claim that this is for keeping them in check.

1638: Reforms in the Netherlands after the lost war give more power to the parliament, which is democratically elected by all adult men who own a house above a certain value.

1639: Sicily conquers Corsica and Sardinia with their fleet. France and Spain are preoccupied and can't interfere.

Princess Mary of Spain's plan to marry her sister Isabella to "the other Francisco", king of Sicily, fails.

1640: King Erik XVII of Sweden, Northern Norway and Mecklenburg founds the Baltic League with Prussia, Brandenburg-Silesia and Franconia-Pomerania against Polish or Russian threats.

1642: Government of the "Twin princes" François / Ferenc III (also king of Poland) and Charles / Károly IV begins. Introducing enlightened absolutism, they practice religious tolerance, thus stabilizing the until then very shaky Hungary (having Catholics in Hungary and Slovakia, Orthodox in Transsylvania and Bohemian brothers in, well, Bohemia, made governing the state extremely difficult). Even the Jews and Muslims in the country profit from the new tolerance.

[Max Sinister]

Western Europe 1600-1650

1600: King Erich / Erik XVI becomes new king in Sweden. He makes many important reforms in the state, especially the army.

1606: King Henry V of Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal manages to become accepted as new king of Ireland, after the death of king Alexander / Alasdair V of Scotland.

1607-11: First Nordic War. Sweden defeats Denmark-Norway, takes Göteborg, Trondheim and Narvik.

1619-25: King François IV, after becoming politically mature, has to cut down the power of the nobles at the court, finally succeeding and making France an absolutist state.

1620s: The formerly good relations between the Triple Monarchy and France cool down dangerously, which is also the fault of the two new monarchs, Henry VI and François respectively.

1628: Scotland becomes an "estates republic", declaring they have the right for that, since there is no legitimate king any more after the end of the Bruce dynasty.

Castilians and Portuguese start rebelling against king Henry, who proves unable to defeat them. (One of the moments was that his marriage with a Castilian duchess went awry, she told her relatives, they told their friends ...).

King Kristian I of Denmark dies without heirs, nobles decide to make duke Ernst V of Braunschweig-Lüneburg new king.

1628-34: Castillian Civil War. France supports uprisings in Valencia (Aragon south of Ebro river), Portugal.

Despite of all the chaos and the many factions, the new king Alfonso XII (former duke of Aliaga) manages to defeat all enemies, keep himself on the throne and also subdue the Aragonese rebels in Valencia. Morocco, however, stays independent, under the former duke of Monteleon.

Portugal declares its independence (also with French encouraging) under Miguel, former duke of Linhares. He even manages to acquite Olivenca from Spain.

1630: The army of the Cortes defeats English army landed at Santander.

1633: Uprisings against king Henry VI start. Begin of the First English Civil War (ECW).

1633-50: Welsh uprisings during War of the Fords. Some are expelled to Atlantis, settle around Boston.

1634: King Henry is captured and banned to Atlantis (i.e. he's put onto a ship which captain was told he has a prisoner to be released in Atlantis. Like the nobles used to joke, this was the worst imaginable punishment for the king, who banned that many religious dissenters there.) However, since the king had no heir, the nobles aren't in unison about what to do. They start to fight among each other; the common people dub the war, after the leaders of the most important groups, the Staffords and the Cliffords, "War of the 'fords".

1636-39: Castille (now more commonly called Spain) tries to conquer Morocco back, unsuccessfully.

1638: Uprisings in Ireland start, English are driven back into the Pale.

1639: Maria, the princess of Spain and future queen (her father Alfonso has no son) marries the king of Morocco (not acknowledged by Spain), Francisco of Monteleón. While he brags at the beginning how he is going to "bend that weak woman", the contract she negotiates with him at the end gives her actually the possibility to co-govern in Morocco, while he has nothing to say in Spain or its colonies in Atlantis.

1641: Dublin has to capitulate to the Irish. Many English flee to England or Markland.

1642-45: "The Scottish interlude": Scotland tries to expand into Northern England, which makes the Staffords and the Cliffords actually stop their war against each other in 1643 until the Scots are finally driven out.

1647: The Duke of Stafford becomes new king Humphrey I of England, after defeating and killing his opponent, William of Clifford.

[Max Sinister]

Atlantis 1600-1650

1606: After many years of war, the Chichimecs (N Mexico) are completely conquered; their lands are divided between Castillians and Mexica.

1613/14: English-Polish War. Poland loses OTL Trinidad, Haraldsborg to England.

1614: University of Cuzco founded. Tawantinsuyu (the Inca empire) starts to acquire European knowledge.

1619: Ahuitzotl II starts building a Mexican war fleet, to protect their trade against pirates.

1620-24: OTL Northern Peru and Ecuador reconquered by Inca empire.

1624: Incident in the Caribbean leads to the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal troops occupying the Florentine islands in the Caribbean (except Elba Nuova).

1628: When the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal breaks apart in the Old World, most of the colonies declare their loyalty to Spain (former Castille, right). Only a few islands in the Caribbean and the northern colonies in OTL Canada and New England stay loyal to king Henry VI.

1629: In Atlantis, the French-Spanish border is moved south, giving Virginia (OTL Georgia - named after the Virgin Mary) to France now.

1631: Sea battle of Jamaica. Castillians occupy English colonies in the Caribbean. England falls into financial crisis.

1632: France's ally Denmark-Braunschweig defeats the Dutch in Atlantis in the battle of Nieuw Brugge (OTL Easton, PA - later renamed Neubrück).

1633: University of Tenochtitlan founded.

Sweden fears that France might grab the former English colony of Braseal, so they occupy it instead.

1634: The former king Henry VI disappears in Atlantis, and in the following decades, many men will appear (in England, Atlantis and other places) claiming to be king Henry.

1637: Dissenter's Revolt in New England. Braunschweig-Denmark, supported by France, uses the situation to expand there / take old lands back. Only Markland (Canadian Maritimes and OTL Quebec) can defend itself during this decades, ironically, thanks to its strong garrison. Denmark-Braunschweig gets Haraldsborg back, plus becomes protector of the Commonwealth of New England (the dissenters prefer "the papist German king in Europe to the papist English governor in Markland"). German immigration now also goes to New England, where many new settlements are founded. English loyalists emigrate to Markland.

1642: The colonies of Denmark-Braunschweig (Martinsburg, Waldstätten, Nieuw-Nederland, Haraldsborg and Anderland) are united under a common administration.

1645: In the castle of Fontainebleau, the first "Mexican Garden" is made. Mexican gardens are influenced by the Aztec way of gardening / planting crops, putting many different colorful plants next to each other, forming geometrical patterns, with colors matching of course.

Since 1650: The settlements in the colonies of Denmark-Braunschweig and Florence, plus the New English Commonwealth, meanwhile have reached the official border to the French-claimed territory, which is still mostly settled by native Atlanteans.

[Max Sinister]

Rest of the world 1600-1700

Since 1600: Kingdom of Kongo starts to introduce western ideas.

1605: King Henry V of the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal wants to find the way to China and India by going west. He has four ships starting from the Atlantean west coast. However, the journeys are struck by an extreme case of bad luck: The first one is hit by a hurricane and starves somewhere in the North Pacific, the second one lands on the island of Tahiti, where the crew mutinies and simply stays there, the third one lands on OTL New Guinea, where they're killed and eaten by the local cannibals, and the fourth one crosses the Pacific and lands in Nippon, where they are defeated by Nipponese armed with guns and imprisoned (possibly the Nipponese-Russian competition was a reason for that - who in Nippon can tell Europeans apart?).

1607: Songhay, having enforced its army with Moroccan gunpowder weapons, attacks the Fula people in Senegal. Their typical cavalry is added to the Songhay army.

1612: French merchants from Suez arrive in Ethiopia, start diplomatic connections. France takes Djibouti to secure the way to India.

1615/16: "Australian War": Sweden defeats the Dutch, takes back the mostly Scandinavian-settled colony Australia (OTL South Africa).

Since ~1620: Portuguese slave traders in Guinea are the first time scolded by the Songhay officials for selling them sub-quality firearms. Prices for African slaves and other wares from Songhay rise.

1626: Jolof conquered by Songhay, which now extends to the coast.

1634-54: Char Bouba War - with French support, Berbers in OTL Mauretania defeat the Arabs.

1630s: French traders are allowed to trade in the Portuguese colonies in Africa, after Portugal becomes independent with French help. France also helps Portugal to oust some nations in West Africa which they don't like (England, Spain, Netherlands).

1644: Swedes discover the west coast of (OTL) Australia, but aren't interested in that continent either.

Since 1650: Persian shahdom takes control of East African coast.

1651-58: Kanem-Bornu conquered by Songhay empire.

1670s: Songhay subjugates the Mossi. Now they reign all of West Africa between the Sahara desert and the jungle (which is unsuited for cavalry).

1690s: Portuguese "ship-states" at the coast of Guinea emerge. Since the area is still unsuited for large-scale European settlement, they simply stay on the ships, living in symbiosis with the local kingdoms. Since this time, the Mulatto population of West Africa starts to rise significantly.

17th century: Oyo kingdom becomes the most powerful Yoruba state.

[575]

Nov 29, 2023 5:03:10 GMT Max Sinister said:

Rest of the world 1600-1700

Since 1600: Kingdom of Kongo starts to introduce western ideas.

1605: King Henry V of the Triple Monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal wants to find the way to China and India by going west. He has four ships starting from the Atlantean west coast. However, the journeys are struck by an extreme case of bad luck: The first one is hit by a hurricane and starves somewhere in the North Pacific, the second one lands on the island of Tahiti, where the crew mutinies and simply stays there, the third one lands on OTL New Guinea, where they're killed and eaten by the local cannibals, and the fourth one crosses the Pacific and lands in Nippon, where they are defeated by Nipponese armed with guns and imprisoned (possibly the Nipponese-Russian competition was a reason for that - who in Nippon can tell Europeans apart?).

1607: Songhay, having enforced its army with Moroccan gunpowder weapons, attacks the Fula people in Senegal. Their typical cavalry is added to the Songhay army.

1612: French merchants from Suez arrive in Ethiopia, start diplomatic connections. France takes Djibouti to secure the way to India.

1615/16: "Australian War": Sweden defeats the Dutch, takes back the mostly Scandinavian-settled colony Australia (OTL South Africa).

Since ~1620: Portuguese slave traders in Guinea are the first time scolded by the Songhay officials for selling them sub-quality firearms. Prices for African slaves and other wares from Songhay rise.

1626: Jolof conquered by Songhay, which now extends to the coast.

1634-54: Char Bouba War - with French support, Berbers in OTL Mauretania defeat the Arabs.

1630s: French traders are allowed to trade in the Portuguese colonies in Africa, after Portugal becomes independent with French help. France also helps Portugal to oust some nations in West Africa which they don't like (England, Spain, Netherlands).

1644: Swedes discover the west coast of (OTL) Australia, but aren't interested in that continent either.

Since 1650: Persian shahdom takes control of East African coast.

1651-58: Kanem-Bornu conquered by Songhay empire.

1670s: Songhay subjugates the Mossi. Now they reign all of West Africa between the Sahara desert and the jungle (which is unsuited for cavalry).

1690s: Portuguese "ship-states" at the coast of Guinea emerge. Since the area is still unsuited for large-scale European settlement, they simply stay on the ships, living in symbiosis with the local kingdoms. Since this time, the Mulatto population of West Africa starts to rise significantly.

17th century: Oyo kingdom becomes the most powerful Yoruba state.

"Dane" guns? Notorious on the Gold Coast for poor production and performance.

[Max Sinister]

The World, 1650-75:

(Yes, from now on, the whole world will be covered)

East Asia:
Since ~1650: Following the French, Swedish and Russian engagement in China and India, thanks to the cultural influences many new ideas are born in Europe.

1651: Thai break away from Chinese influence. Hong emperor sends troops down, but now is forced to fight an unwinnable guerilla war.

1661: Hong troops are retreated from Thailand, for the high costs.

1662: After an attack on a Chinese treasure fleet in Indonesia (by Johor pirates), China starts to avoid this area.

1664: French traders reach Canton.

1668: Khmer ruler demands that his country gets overlordship over Champa (S Vietnam) and Thai lands.

2nd half of 17th century: Hong empire starts to relocate troops south, since the Russians take more and more care of their northern border. However, many rulers in SE Asia wish for more independence - and are even schooled how to do now, thanks to the spreading of Chinese culture and strategy.


Russian lands:
1651: Novorossiya starts to attack the Mongols, conquers Karakorum in 1655.

1657: South Russians (Kiev-Chernigov) found the Dvoryan republic of Kumania (between Dnepr and southern Bug - OTL West Ukraine).

1659: Novorossiya makes an expedition to SE Asia, seeing the lands they learned already about from the Chinese for the first time.

1663-66: Novorossiya defeats and annexes the Tunguses.

1668: Novorussian expedition reaches India.

1672: A Novorussian ship meets the French at Djibouti; French forbid them to sail into the Red Sea and up to Egypt.


Atlantis:
1652: Novorussians take Vancouver island.

1652-56: After having accepted the loyalty of Markland, king Humphrey plans to regain England's old colony in North Atlantis. However, the states of Denmark-Braunschweig and Florence ally against him in the "Atlantean Coalition" and surprisingly defeat the English fleet. New England stays a Danish-German protectorate.

1655: Border between Spanish colonies and Inca empire in OTL Colombia ruled by official treaty.

1657: Sweden agrees to give back Braseal to England, in exchange for an alliance.

1659: England founds Stafford City at the site of OTL Recife, (re-)starting the colonization of Braseal and Argentine.

1662: English (re)found the city of Fort Humphrey at the site of OTL Buenos Aires.

1669: At OTL San Francisco Bay, Novorussians clash with Spain.

1670s: Italian settlers trying to cross the Appalachians are defeated by Atlanteans allied with the French.

1671: Protectorate of New England split up into three countries: One containing the Boston-RI area, one with upper Massachusetts, Connecticut and the south of NH and VT, and one with most of VT and NH, south of Maine.

1675: City of Paradise founded by English at the site of OTL Rio de Janeiro.


Muslim World:
1652-57: Second Russian-Kuman War. Now the Seljuk tributaries around the Black Sea are reduced to Crimea, Tauria (area just above Crimea) and Georgia.

1660-67: Florence and Venice wage war against Seljuks, despite that France doesn't fight with them, but they expect that the Seljuks are beaten after their defeat by Russia. They're defeated, lose their conquests from the peace of Györ. The humbled Florence even needed Sicilian help to evacuate their troops from Greece.

1662: Seljuks and Choresm make an alliance, directed against Shiite Persia, Russians.

1668-74: Third French-Seljuk War. South Russians join them. In the peace of Belgrade, Venice receives the Aegean islands, Hungary gets Serbia and Bosnia, South Russia Bessarabia and Tauria. France takes Palestine with Jerusalem, which angers many Muslims.

1670-73: Border war between Persia and Vijayanagar, quite indecisive. Since Hong China can't help much, both states start to look for an alliance with European powers.


Central Europe:
1653: Reichsdeputationshauptbeschluss: All the free cities and other smaller territories of the HREGN are mediatized (given to bigger states). France itself receives some lands too - the Grafschaften (counties) of Mömpelgard, Salm, Saarwerden-Saarbrücken, Veldenz and Sponheim, now extending into German-speaking territory.
The north-eastern German states start to grumble, especially since France doesn't care to help them against the Russian threat (and also, because there are barely any lands left in NE Germany to be annexed).

1660-64: Luxemburgian War of Succession: France and its allies Venice, Bavaria, Switzerland and Nassau make claims for Luxemburgian territories, although they're highly doubtful.
But with the absolutist François IV as French king, things like this don't matter. Although Luxemburg has (most of) the HRE on its side, they're defeated.
Vorarlberg becomes a Swiss canton, South Tyrol goes to Venice, the rest of Tyrol to Bavaria; Nassau gets a part of Luxemburg proper, the rest (including Lorraine) becomes French.
The rightful heir, Charles X (VII in Tyrol) only receives Brabant-Limburg. "The old sting in France's side", as François IV says, is now removed.

1667: Florence makes a dynastic marriage with Sicily, between king Francisco II and the only surviving child of grand duke Lorenzo III, Condolcessa. (Even besides the political consequences, the marriage is considered a scandal - there are rumors that Condolcessa was the mistress of both her father and her uncle, late grand duke Giovanni III.)

~1670: Style of Victorianisme at its height.


Western Europe:
1655: Wales becomes an integral part of England. Welsh language is suppressed. (This happens about one century later than OTL, since the English kings were preoccupied with the rest of their empire. Now, under the Staffords, they care more about the islands.)

1662: England reconquers the Pale in Ireland.

1665: Queen Maria of Spain appoints her younger, but more competent son Héctor successor, sends her older son Francisco as governor to Morocco.

1669: Princess Kristina of Sweden marries Eduard of Wassenberg of the royal Dutch family. This leads to a Dutch-Swedish alliance.

[Max Sinister]

World 1675-1700:

Western Europe:
1676: In France, the first world map that includes (more or less) exact coastlines for all Old World continents (except the polar areas) and Atlantis is published.

1682-94: Anti-French War. Spain, England, Sicily, Netherlands, the Baltic League (Sweden, several German states) unite against France and its allies Hungary, Poland, Württemberg-Österreich, Nassau, Savoy, Venice, Denmark-Braunschweig, Scotland and Portugal. Many areas in northern, western and southern Germany devastated, as are in Poland.

1682, October: Sea battle of Bornholm. Sweden defeats the Danish Baltic fleet, can link up with their allies in the South.

1683, June: Battle of Groningen. A thrust from Nassau is defeated by the Dutch and English.

1683, October: Battle of Valladolid. Portuguese have to retreat.

1684, June: Battle of Ypres. Dutch-Brabant army defeated, has to retreat behind the Rhine. King François declares all their lands south of the Rhine to be part of France.

1684, July: Battle of the Lowlands. Glasgow and Edinburgh besieged by English.

1684, September: Battle of Bergen. Sweden links up with England.

1685, May: Battle of Zaragoza. Spanish cross the Ebro, occupy most of Catalonia, although the French still hold Navarre and Barcelona.

1686, May: Battle of Orkney. Danish and Scottish fleet defeated, Scottish islands occupied.

1690, April: Sea battle of Ibiza. United Spanish-Italian fleet defeats French-Savoy fleet.

1693: King Humphrey II of England dies surprisingly. The new English king is only ten years old. In France, advisors tell the new king François VI that he should continue the war, since the tide could turn again. (It won't.)

1693, March: Battle of Roussilon. Spanish troops cross the Pyrenees, invade French territory.

1694, January: Battle of Coimbra. English-Spanish troops occupy the city, panic strikes Portugal.

1695: After the death of the old pope in Avignon, a new council is started in Cork to reconcile the church.


Central Europe:
1676-79: With French help, Nassau defeats the Gottesfreistaat Münster, annexes it. Many Münsteraner flee to Atlantis. Denmark-Braunschweig is angered somewhat because France promised them earlier to get all of Münster.

1680: Heinrich IV of Brandenburg dies. His son is unable to govern, which he is aware of. So he decides that Brandenburg-Silesia shall be governed by a collegium of the other members of the Baltic League (Kristina of Sweden, Johann IX of Hohenzollern and Balthasar II of Prussia) until there's a capable heir to take over.

1681: Johann IX of Hohenzollern (of Franconia-Pomerania) dies without heirs too. New French king François V declares the collegial government over Brandenburg-Silesia and Franconia-Pomerania for illegal.
France annexes the Margravate of Baden, against all the rules, laws and traditions. Even France's allies in Germany aren't willing to take these excesses anymore.

1682: The (several times postponed) election for HREmperor. (Several candidates, like crown prince Humphrey of England and king Humphrey I himself, died at an inconvenient time, and the anti-French groups had to look for new candidates, since queen Kristina of Sweden isn't electable.) Finally, after a turbulent election, king Francisco of Sicily is elected emperor Franz IV by Brandenburg, Prussia, Saxony, Jülich-Berg, the Netherlands, Palatinate (until then controlled by France), while François V ("the other Franz", as the Germans call him) is elected by Poland, Württemberg-Austria, Nassau, Braunschweig and Luxemburg. François V doesn't want to accept the result of the election, which was admittedly quite unclear (are the votes of French-occupied Luxemburg and collegially governed Brandenburg valid?).

1683, February: Battle of Ansbach. Franconian army has to retreat.

1683, April: Battle of Thorn. Baltic League battles Poles for a draw.

1684: France allies with the relatives of the duke of Brandenburg to claim the throne of said country against Sweden and Prussia.

1685: Elector Magnus of Saxony-Wittenberg-Lauenburg dies. Theoretically, his lands would go to his Ascanian relatives in Brandenburg, but as was said, the status of Brandenburg is difficult - besides, the Ascanians would get two electoral votes with that. This causes some clashes between the anti-French German states.

1685, April: Battle of Jülich. French army defeated, has to retreat from Northern Rhineland.

1685, September: Battle of Coburg. German troops drive the French-Württembergian armies back.

1686: Uprisings in Württemberg against unpopular duke Karl II begin. The brothers Eberhard and Ludwig (also of his family, the Eberhardiner!) leave his state and go to Hesse, to fight against him and France.

1686, February: Battle of Schlitz. France's allies in Germany (Nassau, Braunschweig, Württemberg) prevented from unifying; link up of Baltic League with Dutch, Brabant.

1687, Fall: Bohemian army of Hungary plunders margravate of Meissen.

1688: Sicily and Florence unite, form the Italian kingdom. France doesn't want to acknowledge it as a kingdom, since Sicily wasn't acknowledged either and Florence is still a grand duchy. Florence/Italy enters the war on the coalition's side, invades Venice, Savoy.

1688, October: Battle of Mantua. Armies of Savoy and Venice defeated, driven back.

1689, September: Battle of Göppingen. Troops of duke Karl II defeated, Württemberg occupied. Brothers Eberhard and Ludwig declared rightful rulers.

1690: Italian cardinals elect a new pope in Rome, declare him to be the legitimate pope. France's other opponents also accept him as pope.
Baltic league installs a Polish anti-king, which throws Poland into Civil War and takes a lot of pressure from the Baltic League.

1690, August: Battle of Oppeln. Hungarian army marches into Silesia.

1691, July: Battle of Magdeburg. French-Braunschweiger army crosses the Elbe. This threat leads to the Baltic league rallying against the invaders, finally turning the table.

1692, April: Danish army defeated at the battle of Güstrow, Mecklenburg, can't help the French.

1692, August: Battle of Lublin. The king's troops defeated by the rebels.

1692, September: Battle of Pinne. Baltic League defeats Polish loyalists and Hungarians.

1693: Earthquake of Sicily. The old royal palace is also destroyed, helping king Francisco / Francesco I to move the court to Rome.

1693, July: Battle of Brünn. Last Austrian army defeated. Karl II of Württemberg-Austria goes to exile in Hungary.

1694, March: Siege of Bratislava broken - a last victory for the Bourbons.

1694: Peace of Amsterdam. France has to give up its allies: Denmark's Norway becomes Swedish (although Braunschweig may keep Schleswig and Holstein), Portugal Spanish, Scotland English. In Atlantis, Virginia (OTL Georgia) and eastern Nouvelle France (OTL Hispaniola) become Spanish, Quebec (OTL Ontario) English, Louisiane north of the Arkansas is divided between Italy (the South) and Denmark-Braunschweig (the North). Prince-Haralds-Land (OTL Newfoundland) is ceded by the latter to England. The Pyrenees become the new French-Spanish border. Luxemburg-Lorraine is given back to Charles XI of Brabant-Limburg. Baden is restored. Switzerland receives the lands lost too, but has to promise neutrality. Milan, Ravenna and Genoa become Italian, to drive a wedge between Savoy and Venice. Flanders, Hennegau / Hainaut become Dutch again. Karl II of Württemberg-Austria deposed, Eberhard X (his father is counted as Eberhard IX, although he never officially reigned) becomes new grand duke, together with his brother Ludwig V. The Alliance des Alpes is dissolved. The Mexican Empire becomes a Spanish colony.

1694: The situation in Franconia-Pomerania is solved when a passable heir (Friedrich von Hohenzollern, who becomes Friedrich IX) is found in Atlantis. Franconia-Pomerania becomes a new electorate instead of Saxony-Wittenberg-Lauenburg, which is united with Brandenburg-Silesia.


Atlantis:
1677-82: Inca defeat Aymara, reconquer the former South of their empire, stretching to Chile / Argentine now.

1687, November: Battle of Kingsburgh (OTL Montreal). French-Atlantean troops have to cease the siege and retreat to French Quebec (OTL Ontario).

1688, March: Battle of Metztitlan. Spaniards thrust deep into Mexico, link up with anti-government groups.

1689, November: Battle of Martinsburg. Danish fleet destroyed by English and Italians.

1692: "The wild ride": Friedrich von Hohenzollern, a German in the service of the governor of Italia Nuova, fights his way through the French colony of Caroline with his cavalry troops, finally linking up with the Spaniards in Florida.

1694: Mexico becomes a Spanish colony; the last Tenochca ruler Acamapichtli II has to go to exile in France.


East Asia:
1680s: Choresmians make incursions in Chinese territory.

1689-94: Javan War between Majapahit, Johor and several smaller kingdoms. The pax Sinica in this part of the world is over.

1695: Nipponese claim Ezo / Hokkaido back. Novorossiya protests. The Hong emperor (theoretically still overlord of both countries) rules that the Russians rightfully own Ezo, which the Nipponese won't tolerate.

1699: Nipponese pirates attack Novorussian ships.


Russian lands:
1678-84: Novorossiya conquers the Jurchen / Nuzhen.

1685-87: Novorossiya sends the first expedition coming from the East to Europe, going around Africa to reach old Novgorod.

1686: Vladimir-Suzdal enters the anti-French War, although fighting only against Poland.

1690: In the peace of Minsk, Poland cedes the former Prussian province Wolhynien (the old Russian princedoms Turov-Pinsk and parts of Halicz-Volhyn) to Vladimir, which leaves the war.

1691/92: After an uprising of the until then pro-Hong Merkites, they're conquered by Novorossiya too.

1693: Vladimir-Suzdal has to cede the northern lands between Ural and Kama to Novorossiya, as repayment of their war debts, being unable to pay them back.

1700: (Population of Russia at this time: Vladimir 27 million, Kiev-Chernigov 32 million, Novorossiya 18 million - including 4 million non-Russians)


Muslim World:
1683: Seljuks enter the anti-French War, for the first time as allies of Christian powers.

1687, August: Siege of Jerusalem ends with the French capitulation.

1688: The wazir Dost Mohammad takes power as Persian shah after the dynasty dies out.

1694: Seljuks get Sinai, Palestine and Aden back from France.

1700: France makes an alliance with Persia, against Seljuks and Vijayanagar.

[Max Sinister]

Summary of the 17th century:

Atlantis: French Louisiane mostly divided between Germans, Italians and English. Mexica subjugated by Spaniards. Braseal and Argentine colonized by England. Russians take Alyeska and the West Coast down to San Francisco Bay.

Europe: Triple monarchy of England-Castille-Portugal falls apart. England suffers a Civil War that brings Stafford dynasty to power. During this power vacuum, France greatly expands its influence over most of Europe under absolutist François IV. In the great anti-French War their empire breaks together, and Scotland and Portugal lose independence. Hungary practices religious tolerance.

Russian lands: Siberia becomes the independent republic of Novorossiya, has good relations with China. Kipchak lands north of the Black Sea conquered by Russians, formed into the new "Dvoryan republics". Science and humanities blossom in Novorossiya.

Muslim world: Seljuks still lose against Europeans, but achieve some victories in the second half of the century. Persia conquers Oman, Delhi.

East Asia: Independent nations between China and Russians conquered by the latter. Hong China loses power and influence, at the expense of the "rim people" (Nipponese, Koreans, SE Asians). Western Europeans enter the scene.

Rest of the world: Songhay empire in Africa becomes stronger. French visit and ally with Ethiopia. Many Portuguese go to the "ship settlements" in the sea of Guinea. Swedes reconquer Australafrica.

---

The World 1700-25:
Atlantis:
Since ~1700: Poor Italians (mostly from the South), often with differing religious ideas, settle west of the Appalachians, in the Tenesi (yes, OTL Tennessee) area.
Many French settlers leave upper Mississippi area, go to Louisiane.

1700: Denmark-Braunschweig founds the ninth land, at the shores of Lake Erie.

1706: King Piero / Pedro of Italy has a third son, whom he appoints "prince of Atlantis" (the other two being prince of Africa [OK, Tunis + Tripoli] and prince of the Islands [Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta] respectively).

1706-14: War against the Five Nations (actually seven nations meanwhile, the historical five ones and the Monacan and Connestoga in addition, being displaced earlier by European settlers). Historians agree that this war helped the mixed German-Danish-English-Dutch-Polish population very much to become a community. The war proves to be very hard, since the French left the Five Nations equipped with guns and boats.

1707-10: Uprising of Aymara defeated by Inca, Aymara displaced to the Southern tip of Atlantis.

1709: Last free Maya cities conquered by Spaniards.

1718/19: Inca lose border war against Spain, have to pay a big tribute in silver (which is more important for the Spaniards than gaining land).

1723: Inca make first trade agreement with Russians.


Muslim World:
Early 18th century: Songhay introduces the Printing Press, getting help from Seljuk Egypt.

1701-04: After a plague hits Southern Russia, the Seljuks use the opportunity to strike against the Dvoryan / Dozor republics. Although Kiev-Chernigov supports them, the Seljuks (who have the better medical science) defeat them several times, re-establishing their rule in many cities at the Black Sea.

1708-15: Italian-Russian-Seljuk War. Italy finally takes Seljuk Italy back. In the following years, they start resettling the wasted and depopulated (by war, Seljuk slave-catchers and emigration to Atlantis and Tunis) parts of Southern Italy. The city of Tripoli also becomes Italian. South Russia finally kicks the Seljuks out from OTL Ukraine, this time including Crimea.

1717-23: France uses the opportunity, allies with Persia and strikes against the Seljuks in the Fourth French-Seljuk War. The French again occupy the Sinai and Aden, while Persia takes the prestigious Holy Cities of Islam. This time, Jerusalem is left alone.

1720s: Rebellion of the Georgians and Armenians against Seljuk rule begins.


Rest of the world:
Early 1700s: After the defeat of the Portuguese makes the waters of West Africa safer for Muslims ships, Songhay sends ships to the Kongo kingdoms, starting trade and cultural exchange.

Britain and Sweden try to lure the Congo kingdoms on their side, away from France and Portuguese-influenced Guinea.

1704: English ships go west from Cape Hoorn, (re-)discover Australia and New Zealand, which are called Antipodia and New Albion respectively. England takes claim of these lands, but for quite some while they stay in the shadow of the English colonies in North and South Atlantis.

1710s: Uprisings in Portugal suppressed. Many Portuguese flee to Guinea.

1712: Joao de Gouveia, son of a fled Portuguese nobleman and his African mistress, becomes self-proclaimed king of the Ijaw people in the Niger delta.

1716-18: Britain makes further discoveries in the Pacific Ocean, claims many islands. As a surprise comes the rediscovery of the island Tahiti, finding a Christian, mostly English-descended population who believe that the Plantagenet dynasty still reigns in England-Castille-Portugal.

1717: Sherbro people (coast of OTL Sierra Leone) united.

1721: Kingdom of Lomé (OTL Togo) established.

1722: Joao de Gouveia conquers the Ibibio people.

1724: Kingdom of Kamsar (OTL Guinea) established.

1725: France and Persia make an agreement about Ethiopia. Both nations are allowed to trade with the land, it's not forced to switch religion in any way, but has to pay tribute to both of them.


Russian lands:
Early 18th century: At the university of Yenisseisk, the Russians make several progresses concerning electricity (knowing galvanization and the voltaic pile from China), even a primitive telegraph (not ready for use, though).

1702: Threatened by the Seljuks, the Dvoryan republics make a closer alliance with Kiev-Chernigov. The Czar founds a Duma, representing old and new Russian lands.

1707: Paper-based currency introduced in Novorossiya for the first time.

1708-17: Anti-Czarist uprisings in the area of Novgorod.

1715: Novorossiya enters the fights between Novgorodians and the Czar. After defeating the Czarist troops in the battle at the Tobol, the whole North of Vladimir-Suzdal is ceded to Novorossiya. Old Novgorod becomes a honorable Old City of Novorossiya.

1720s: Novorossiya has to fight down an uprising of the Jurchen / Nuzhen, finally successful.


Western Europe:
1703: Council of Cork ends again with a compromise. The Catholic church stays formally united, but the pope has become a mere figurehead. The kings and princes are even allowed to change the doctrine in their lands, "as long as those changes are justified by the special character of their countries" and don't contradict the bible too much.

1709: King Kristian III of Denmark killed by court members after trying to force the church to canonize him while alive. Other kings, however, like the kernel of the idea and declare their birthday, coronation day and so on national holidays in the next decades.

1715: Sweden enters the war against Vladimir-Suzdal, to get the once lost parts of Finland and Estonia back. Poland also enters the war, for the former princedoms Polozk and Turov-Pinsk.

1718-23: Ireland conquered by England.


Central Europe:
~1700: The Bronze Age of the Netherlands. After the won war against France, the country can rebuild its former strength - although other powers, like England, France, Italy and Spain are now active in trade too. Fortunately, at least Sweden with its colony Australia (South Africa) and the Indian trade is Dutch-friendly.

1701: Margrave and elector Heinrich V takes power in Brandenburg-Silesia, ending the collegial government of Sweden, Prussia and Franconia-Pomerania over his country.

1712: Charles / Károly VI becomes king of Hungary. During his long reign, he reforms Hungary - taking many ideas and technologies from Russia (thus indirectly, China).

1722: After the death of king (and Roman emperor) Eduard IV, the Netherlands are united in personal union with Sweden-Norway-Mecklenburg. France objects the unification.

1724: France finds an ally in Luxemburg; Dutch War of Succession (also called Dutch War of Unification) begins.


East Asia:
1702: Korea makes a strategical alliance with the Russians against Nippon.

1703, silvester: Earthquake of Edo (Tokyo). More than 100,000 victims.

1707: Champa (S Vietnam) stops paying tribute to Hong, with impunity. The example is soon followed.
30,000 Nipponese killed by Tokaido-Nankaido tsunami.

1714-25: Indian War. Persia (backed by France) fights Vijayanagar (backed by Britain, Sweden, Netherlands).

1721: Sea battle of Jeju island. Korean-Russian fleet defeats Nipponese. Nipponese piracy restricted.

[Max Sinister]

World 1725-1750

East Asia

1725-75: Time of crisis in China: Their former tributaries broke away, the country stagnates - as is criticized, despite of the lack of real enemies.

1728: France takes Sri Lanka.

1731: France founds the Indochinese League with Bengal, Pegu, Thailand, Khmer, Champa and Melaka.

1734-41: Spice Islands War. Britain fights Majapahit and some of the small kingdoms in Indonesia. Finally they win, but this makes them unable to interfere in the continental affairs.

1737: Calcutta cyclone.

1738: Swedes take Sri Lanka, after defeating a stronger French fleet surprisingly.

1740-44: Open war between the alliance of Novorossiya and Corea against Nippon. Novorossiya occupies the small islands in the Nipponese Sea, Corea takes Kyushu.

Muslim world

1725-32: Egypt rises against Seljuk rule. Finally, sultan Kilij Arslan VI gives in and allows Egypt to transform into an allied, tribute-paying but otherwise independent sultanate.

1730-41: Third Choresmian Civil War. Muhammad VI wages war against his father Arslan V, finally topples him.

1739: Uprising of the Albanians against Seljuk rule begins.

1741-46: Second Italian-Russian Seljuk War. The Rum-Seljuks lose again. Albania becomes an Italian protectorate, Georgia (excluding Armenia) becomes associated with South Russia, and the Cyrenaica becomes Italian too.

After this defeat, the conservative military finally gives up the resistance against its modernization.

1749: Madagascar War between Sweden and Persia. Persia takes the island.

Russian lands

1726-29: Border war between Novorossiya and Muslim Choresm.

1731: The first commercial telegraph line is made between Yenisseisk and nearby (20 verst, about as many km) Pavlovskoye. Despite the difficult climate of Novorossiya, the new invention spreads through the country and transforms it.

1732-34: Despite of the king's policy of religious tolerance, there's an uprising in Hungarian-occupied Serbia and Bosnia. News of these accidents reach Russia, whose sympathies are at the rebels' side.

~1735-50: Many new newspapers founded in Novorossiya.

1747: Uprisings against the Czar of Vladimir-Suzdal start after he tries to increase his power.

Central Europe

1735: Ludwig XVIII, last Wittelsbach duke of the Rhine Palatinate, dies without heir. It's not completely clear whether France or Bavaria'll get it. New emperor Heinrich IX of Brandenburg lets the French unmisunderstandably know that he won't tolerate them taking it.

1736-42: Palatinate War of Succession. Although the German and Swedish-Dutch armies can't defeat the French armies, when Spain and Britain threaten France, peace is made. The Palatinate goes neither to France nor Bavaria, but to a grandson of the Bourbon king of Hungary. In case he and his brother will die without heir, the Palatinate will fall to Bavaria.

1739: Johann Friedrich, grandson of Frederick of Atlantis, comes to power in Franconia-Pomerania. Under his reign, lots of money is wasted for building palaces and cathedrals. He even tries to sell Farther Pomerania to Sweden or Prussia, which only doesn't happen because noone wants to buy it.

1748: Uprisings in Austria (religiously motivated) against the government of the unpopular dukes Eberhard XI and Eberhard XII.

Western Europe

1725: Portuguese uprising, which takes Spain until 1728 to defeat it completely.

1727-30: Irish and Scottish uprisings defeated by Britain.

1726: Start of Olof Tiselius' first serve as First Minister of Sweden. After the Netherlands (which already have a constitutional government), during his time Sweden-Norway-Mecklenburg also sees a shift of power: Away from the king, to Riksdag (parliament) and First Minister.

1729: Dutch War of Succession (first war in Europe since the end of the Great War, or anti-French War) resolved. France takes Hainaut and parts of Flanders (again...), Luxemburg gets Namur.

1738: King François VI of France manages to smuggle pope Innocent from Rome to Avignon. The Italian king protests, but can't change it.

1743: French king Philippe VI dies without heir, so his unpopular uncle Charles X becomes king.

1746-48: Charles X starts the completely unnecessary war against Prussia, for which France has to make a costly expedition to the Baltic and strain its relation to Denmark-Braunschweig, only because the king feels has he to defend the pope against what he perceives as a Prussian heresy. The war gives the rationalist (comparable to OTL enlightenment) movement a boost.

1749: Charles X dies too without heir. France calls the General Estates (300 men for every estate) to decide who'll become next king, since the successor situation is a bit unclear.

Atlantis

1726: Germans and Italians agree to make the Ohio river border between their possessions in Atlantis.

1728: Spain claims a good part of the Rocky Mountains (up to OTL Utah) for them, to stop the Russians from expanding even further.

1730-37: Uprisings in Mexico under a leader who claims to be the rightful heir of the old native rulers and calls himself Cuáutemoc II.

1740: Spain starts to build a stronger fleet in the Pacific, planning to take a part in East Asia too.

1746-50: French-Atlantean War (also called War of the Great Lakes). Denmark-Braunschweig and Britain fight the native Atlanteans and the French immigrants in Quebec (OTL Ontario).

~1750: Settlements of the Germans and Italians have reached the Mississippi river.

Africa

1727: Kingdom of Douala (OTL Cameroon) established.

1728: João de Gouveia killed, but he has a precedence set.

1730: Kingdom of Dida (OTL Ivory Coast) established.

1732: Kingdom of Ibo (OTL South Nigeria) established.

1733-36: Spain and Songhay fight a war. The Songhay have to fight with outdated weapons, but their numerical superiority and the hard climate give them victory. France also helps them with advisors and selling modern weapons.

1734: Kingdom of Sekondi-Takoradi (OTL Ghana) established.

1736: Kingdom of Bafatá (OTL Guinea-Bissau) established. Gouveia's kingdom falls apart, as the Ibibio people become independent.

1737: Raymundo Pires takes power of the Krou people (OTL SW Ivory Coast - he is half Krou), goes on conquering the Neyo, Bakwe and Godie people in the next years.

1738: Kingdom of Lomé extends north, along the Mono river.

1739: Sherbro kingdom attacks Portuguese stronghold on Bonthe. Portuguese ask Mende people north of Sherbro for help, who defeat the latter, but are thought by the Portuguese to become too dangerous themselves, so they support the Temne people, who'll fight the Mende.

1740: Ibibio people conquer the Ekoi. Ewe kingdom of Abomey in OTL S Benin established.

1741: Kingdom of Yaoundé (OTL Cameroon) established. José Damiano takes Accra, expands north, where he meets the resistance of the Ashanti.

1742: Kingdom of Labé (OTL Guinea) established.

1743: Kingdom of Igbira (OTL Nigeria) established. At the site where the Benue river meets Niger river, it becomes strategically very important. Kingdom of Abe (OTL Ivory Coast) established, which soon also conquers the Akie.

1744: Abomey kingdom expands north, along Oueme river.

1745: Kingdom of Gbarnga (OTL Liberia) established. Kingdom of Limba (OTL Sierra Leone) established.

1746: Raymundo Pires loses a border war against the Malinke people, after having conquered the We, who become independent again. Kingdom of Sokodé (OTL Togo) established. Temne-Mende war ends.

1747: After being theatened by Raymundo Pires, Gouro people make another adventurer king. Kingdom of Agno (OTL Ivory Coast) established. Igbira allies with Nupe against native Yoruba kingdoms.

1748: Kingdom of Tiv (OTL Nigeria, east of Igbira) established. Raymundo Pires dies, non-Krou secede again.

1749: Kingdom of Ho (OTL Ghana, east bank of Volta river) established. Abomey kingdom takes Savé.

1750: Kingdom of Baoule (OTL Ivory Coast) established. Kingdom of Jukun (OTL Nigeria) established.

[Max Sinister]

World 1750-1775

East Asia

1756: Spain allies with Nippon against Novorossiya and Corea, starts converting the Nipponese and modernizing their army.

1761/62: Kyushu Uprising against Corea, Nippon reunited.

1763: Reacting to their defeat, Corea gets closer to Novorossiya - building telegraph lines, importing new weapons, and even letting Orthodox missionaries into the country.

1766: Indochinese League falls apart, when Khmer conquer Champa.

1774: Pegu (S Burma) invades N Burma, where they meet Chinese troops and (more or less) surprisingly defeat them.

Muslim world

1751: Shah Inayatullah I of Persia removes his nephew Dost Mohammad to secure the throne for his son Inayatullah II.

1752-57: Persia fights the Rum-Seljuks, South Russia joins them; Armenia liberated, Syria and Palestine go to Persia. The Seljuk empire now is reduced to Anatolia, Greece, Bulgaria and OTL Romania.

1758: "Young Seljuks" topple the sultan Süleyman VIII, make new sultan Kay Khusrau X create a constitution, which introduces a kind of a parliament (all adult educated male Muslims may elect representatives).

1768: Egypt uses the opportunity and takes French Sinai. France is cut off from Asia again.

1773: First telegraph in Persia.

Russian lands

1750s: Steppe Wars begin. Novorussians fight the various steppe people (Kirghiz, Kara-Kitai, even what remains of the Kipchaks) between Russia and Choresm (OTL Kazakhstan).

1754: First telegraph line in another country but Novorossiya, connecting Kiev and Chernigov.

1765: Dynamo invented in Novorossiya.

1770-79: Russian Civil War. Novorossiya and Kiev-Chernigov defeat Vladimir-Suzdal, send the Czar to exile, divide Vladimir between them.

Central Europe

1758: First telegraph line in a Catholic country (Hungary).

1761: The protector of Venice dies. Traditionally the new one has to be appointed by the French king, which can't happen due to France lacking a king. Italy uses the opportunity and annexes Venice, including Dalmatia, since France is distracted.

The Seljuks also strike, take the Venetian islands in the Agaean.

1762: First telegraph in Italy.

1764: First telegraph in Poland.

1765: Duke Franz III of Bavaria dies. Franconia-Pomerania and Württemberg-Austria make claims, since the appointed successor doesn't descend in direct male line from the Wittelsbachs. He manages to defend his lands in the short Southern German War (1766/67), though.

1768: First telegraph in a German state (Bavaria).

1770: Joaquin / Gioacchino, last surviving male of the Alvarez dynasty (there are rumors that his cousin and predecessor was killed because of taking Nouvelle France), becomes king of Italy.

Charles VI of Hungary also dies, leaving the country in a critical situation to his comparably less competent son.

Western Europe

1755, November 1st: Earthquake of Lissabon. After more than 50 years of Spanish suppression, this event breaks the spirit of the Portuguese. Many leave the country for Guinea.

1759: First telegraph in Sweden.

1762: In the French estates, the majority of the Third Estate advocates making France a republic for the first time.

1763: After a bad harvest, peasants revolt and march to Paris. The Third Estate also feels threatened, demands reforms (like allowing the peasants to hunt) mostly at the expense of the nobles. The estates are split, but many clerics and lower nobles are pragmatic enough to support the Third Estate, so the reforms are pushed through. The conservative opposition takes this as an affront, leaves the assembly. With this step, the remaining assembly becomes more and more radical.

Later that year: The first written constitution is introduced. It gives power for legislation to a parliament, which is elected by all adult male citizens above a certain level of income.

Even later that year: First elections. France is officially made a republic.

1764: Early in the year, the duke of Guise protests the reforms, raises troops and takes power in NE France. The assembly decides to fight him, makes a law, forcing all the nobles and clerics to swear an oath on the new constitution. Those who resist are disowned.

1764-67: French Civil War.

1765: Governors of Nouvelle France, Algeria, Caroline and Louisiane declare independence - until France has a king again. Lacking a navy (because the mostly noble captains don't want to fight for a republic and thus deserted), France can't take them back.

Despite of the War, France builds its first telegraph line.

1768: After the death of the more cool-headed kings Humphrey III and Humphrey IV of Britain and Héctor II of Spain, who were self-assured enough not to be impressed by the king-less situation of France, diplomatic tensions to France rapidly worsen. The first French Republican War begins. Savoy, the Netherlands, even Hungary under hesitating Charles VI and many German states join the coalition; only Italy stays neutral.

1768, September: Battle of Verdun. German armies defeat French.

1769: France orders the "levee en masse", creating the republican armies.

The pope flees from Avignon, first down the Rhone river to Corse, but later moves his seat to Toledo, Spain, since Italy doesn't want to enter the war. In Spain, he outspeaks decidedly against republicanism, further encouraging the "monarchist crusade" feeling among the reigning classes in Europe. There are some hopes among conservatives that this may bring the national churches closer together and give the pope more power.

1769, April: British troops land in Aquitaine, to unite with the Spaniards.

1769, May: Battle of Aix-en-Provence - "the blackest day for the house of Savoy": Crown prince Filiberto is captured by the French, his brother Filippo and their cousin (also named Filippo) die in battle.

1769, August: Battle of Belfort. French kick out German troops from French soil. However, the Swiss Confederation now enters the war against France.

1770, March: Battle of De Panne. French defeat Dutch, who complain that the Brits didn't support them.

1770, July: British-Spanish army defeated before Limoges. Spain retreats from France, fights defensively.

1770, September: Battle of Pont-a-Mousson. German-Swiss-Hungarian troops defeated by French.

1771, February: Spaniards fight off French attack against the Pyrenees.

1771, July: Battle of Saarbrücken. French occupy SW Germany between Mosel and Rhine rivers.

1771, November: French Royalists in Algeria attempt a landing, supported by the Spanish navy, in South France. The landing itself is successful, but the people doesn't rise against the republic, and the landed troops are defeated. Many ships have to be abandoned.

1772, January: After the French used the holidays to move their armies, while the Spaniards were celebrating, Catalonia is overrun by the French.

1772, April: Battle of Maasmechelen. Last German-Dutch army defeated.

1772: Peace of Brussels. All the German lands west of the Rhine are annexed by France, plus the lands of Berg and Baden at the right bank. So are Spain north of the Ebro, French-speaking Switzerland, the Alsace, (old) Savoy and Nice. Switzerland is neutralized again.

In the HRE, the first Pole (king Stanislaw III of the Koniecpolski family) is elected emperor.

Uprisings in Portugal against Spanish rule start again.

Atlantis

1751: Spain discovers Hawaii, claims the island chain, starts radical Christianization.

1752: Denmark-Braunschweig and Italy make a contract about their lands in Atlantis, which gives Italy OTL southern tip of Illinois.

1760: First Russian settlement in Atlantis (Novorossisk, on Vancouver island) gets representation in the Central Vyetje.

1769: King Francesco III occupies the valuable Caribbean colony Nouvelle France (OTL Haiti) for Italy. The other powers protest, since they can't interfere.

1771: As one of his first deeds, Gioacchino sends troops to Atlantis and attacks Caroline, south of Italia Nuova, which is conquered and added to Italia Nuova until 1773.

Africa

1751: Igbira attacked by Idoma, but can defend successfully. Kingdom of Macenta (OTL Guinea) established.

1752: Idoma attack Igbira again, this time with the help of Igala, but again without success. Kingdom of Suyani (OTL Ghana) established.

1753: Sokodé and Abomey kingdoms clash. Kingdom of Ngaoundérè (OTL Cameroon) established.

1754: We defend against attack of Gbarnga. Kingdom of Toura and Dan (OTL Ivory Coast) established.

1755: After allying with the kingdom of Tiv, Idoma and Igala beat Igbira, but leave after getting tribute paid. Kingdom of Gwari (OTL Nigeria) established.

1756: Igbira kingdom builds the fortress of Lokoja, which controlls the place where the Benue river meets Niger river. Thus, Songhay is cut off from the sea and has to pay a toll. Kingdom of Senoufo (OTL Ivory Coast) established. Baoule clashes with Gouro.

1757: Igbira denies paying tribute, coalition of Tiv, Idoma and Igbala defeated before Lokoja. Kingdom of Tamale (OTL Ghana) established.

1758: Kingdom of Koranko (OTL Sierra Leone) established. Ashanti defeat against attack of Ho and Accra kingdoms, hold the line of Pra river.

1759: Igbira attacked by the coalition again, but defends with success. Kingdom of Borim (OTL Nigeria) established. Bete conquer Bakwe.

1760: Kingdom of Bertoua (OTL Cameroon) established. Border clash of Labé with Songhay.

1761: Kingdom of Koulango (OTL Ivory Coast) established. Malinke fight against Senoufo. War between Yaounde and Douala.

1762: Kingdom of Bauchi (OTL Nigeria) established. Akie (OTL Ivory Coast) conquered and divided between Abe and Agno.

1763: Igbira conquers Igala. Kingdom of Garoua (OTL Cameroon) established. Kingdom of Dioula (OTL Ivory Coast) established.

1764: Kingdom of Margi (OTL Nigeria) established. Dida conquers Godie. Songhay defeats Macente, forces them to pay tribute.

1765: Kingdom of Kono (OTL Sierra Leone) established. Tiv conquer Bamenda (OTL Cameroon).

1766: Kingdom of Loba (OTL Ivory Coast) established. Krou conquer Neyo again. Malinke fight against Toura and Dan.

1767: Kingdom of Wa (OTL Ghana) established. Baoule conquers Gouro.

1768: Kingdom of Kamberi (OTL Nigeria) established. Igbira conquers their old enemy, Idoma. Dida conquered by Abe.

1769: Kingdom of Maroua (OTL Cameroon) established. Kono-Koranko War.

1770: Kingdom of Kanuri (OTL Nigeria) established. Bafatá conquers Labé. Ashanti defeat Sunyani, get tribute.

1771-73: Costly war between Malinke and Senoufo.

1772: Kingdom of Tenkodogo (OTL Burkina Faso) established. Temne conquer Koranko.

1774: Yoruba make border war against Edo.

1775: Kingdom of Dedougou (OTL Burkina Faso) established. Lomé conquers Sokodé.

[Max Sinister]

World 1775-1800

East Asia

1776: Italy sends diplomats to Pegu (S Burma), makes a trading treaty.

1779: Italy makes a trading treaty with Bengal.

1780s: Champa (S Vietnam), Thailand and Pegu invade the sinicized nations of Laos, Vietnam and Ava (N Burma) and even the South of China, including the former kingdom of Dali. It is quite obvious that the emperor has lost the Mandate of Heaven.

1782: Tsunami in the South China Sea kills ~40,000.

1783: Italy makes a trading treaty with Melaka.

1784: Italy makes a trading treaty with Thailand.

1787: Italy makes a trading treaty with Khmer.

1789: General Lin Xiaolong ("Little Dragon"), commander of the troops in the province of Beijing, declares himself new emperor. Without anyone realizing the situation, because everything happens so fast, he soon reigns the whole north-east of China. Novorossiya supports him too.

1790: Italy clashes with Britain at Java, makes a retreat.

1792: Italy makes a trading treaty with Champa.

Brits take Swedish Ceylon, as a revenge for Sweden fighting along France's side.

Mt Unzen in Nippon erupts, killing several thousand people - the deadliest eruption in Nippon's history.

1794: General Lin Xiaolong crosses the Yangtse.

1795: "The great catch": Italy makes a trading treaty with Vijayanagar.

(At the moment, the Italians have to send their ships around Africa to trade with India and SE Asia, but king Gioacchino already thinks about shortening the way somehow.)

1797: Nanjing besieged by Lin Xiaolong.

1798: After the fall of Spain, Christianity in Nippon takes a new way - the king (he's not called emperor ITTL by foreigners) is accepted as the spiritual head of the country and church. Nipponese Christianity is still more the radical kind.

1800: Hong emperor flees to Tungning (OTL Taiwan), which is governed together with the Philippines by him - the rest of his empire. Since he takes most of the navy with him, Lin Xiaolong can't do anything. Lin Xiaolong starts the new dynasty Ming ("brightness"), takes the throne name Yongzhi 永智, "Everlasting Wisdom".

Muslim world

1778: Choresm occupies OTL Sinkiang.

1781-88: After the Rum-Seljuks try to reimpose their rule over Serbia and Bosnia, South Russia interferes on their side. Moldavia, Vlachia invaded. In the peace of Odessa, both become Russian tributaries.

1789: After the lost war, sultan Kilij Arslan VII is replaced by Kay Qubadh VI, who has to leave most power to the parliament.

1790s: Shi'ite refugees from Seljuk sultanate and North Africa arrive in Persia.

1798-1800: Conquest of Algeria by Italy, with silent support by the French republic.

Russian lands

1777: Orthodox Serbians and Bosnians raise against Hungarian rule, become independent again.

1779: After their division of Vladimir-Suzdal, the two Russias make an "everlasting pact".

1780s: Many old Russian cities get representation in the Central Vyetye of Novorossiya.

1785-87: Novorossiya attacks weakened Sweden, conquers Finland, Estonia.

1786: After the death of duke Balthasar V of Prussia (and claimant for dukedom of Thuringia), his three sons struggle for power in Prussia. Pomerania-Mecklenburg, Brandenburg-Silesia, Poland, Sweden-Norway and the two Russias all support various sides in the war.

1794: Novorossiya interferes in Prussian Civil War, destroys Prussian fleet. Prussia comes under Russian occupation.
Europe

1770s: Denmark-Braunschweig, Britain and Spain build their first telegraph lines, being the last European nations to do so.

Late 1770s: After the downfall of the French Indochinese Compagnie, France is struck by a severe financial crisis. General Boulanger takes "temporal power" (which has to be accepted by plebiscites once per five years).

1779: Last duke of Savoy dies. His country goes to Italy, due to a contract he made with king Gioacchino.

War between republican France and the British-Spanish-German-Polish-Hungarian-Danish-Swedish coalition breaks out again.

1780: War starts promising for the coalition when the Spaniards retake Catalonia and the German-British-Dutch armies cross the Rhine and invade the Palatinate.

1781: Tide of war turns again for France, when Boulanger defeats the coalition armies at the battles of Worms (June) and Weissenburg (September) and the Spaniards have to retreat behind the Ebro too.

1782: French assembly proclaims to liberate all the people in Europe from their royal yoke.

1783: "The thrust through Germany". General Boulanger crosses the Rhine, marches through South Hesse, Württemberg, Franconia, Thuringia until arriving in Dresden at christmas.

1783/84: Eruption of Laki in Iceland. Half of the population dies or emigrates, to Atlantis or Australia (OTL South Africa). This seems like a footnote of history, but descendants of said Icelanders often claim that they helped spreading the idea of radical democracy in German Atlantis, Canada and Australia.

1784: Winter battle of Aussig. French republican armies invade Bohemia.

1784: Peace of Basel. Bohemia, Hesse, Franconia and Thuringia-Meissen (OTL Thuringia and Saxony) become officially French satellite republics. The remaining Netherlands become part of France itself. Württemberg proper becomes a part of the Swiss republic, which is another French satellite. Sweden-Norway also has to cede Mecklenburg to the duke of Pomerania, which causes king Johan II of Sweden to doubt the cause of the Royalists. The HRE is dissolved. South Aragon (Valencia) is also ceded to France, Portugal becomes an independent republic.

1788: After the heirless death of Kristian V, last Welf king of Denmark-Braunschweig, Polish king and former HREmperor Stanislaw III starts regency.

1790: France and Sweden make a secret alliance against Denmark-Braunschweig.

1791: After the death of king Francisco I of Spain, his hot-headed grandson becomes king instead. He pressures for war against France, which breaks out again. This is despite the fact that this coalition is even weaker than ever before. Nassau, one of the strongest German states, stays neutral, Sweden-Norway sides with France.

1791, July: Battle of Ingolstadt. French-German armies cross the Danube.

1793: Peace of Frankfurt. Bavaria, Brandenburg-Silesia, Pomerania and Braunschweig (incl. Schleswig-Holstein) are turned into republics too. Denmark proper goes to Sweden. Spain is occupied by France (except Galicia, which goes to Portugal) and divided into the republics of Castille, Asturia and Andalusia. The Spanish royal family goes to Morocco, the pope flees to Canterbury, Britain, which swears to continue the fight. This leads to a costly "perpetual war" when Britain continually tries to attack French coasts and support uprisings in Spain and Germany. Hungary has to cede the lands of the Czechs and Slovaks, which become the Moravian Republic.

The only monarchist states remaining in Western Europe are Britain, Italy, Sweden-Norway-Denmark, Hungary, Poland, and the German states of Austria and Nassau - less than ten, for the first time.

1797: Royalist (French-Spanish) fleet of the Mediterranean destroyed by Italians. Baleares held by them become Italian.

1799: General Boulanger puts power down (deliberately!), regular elections are held again.

Since 1790s: Many nobles and other opponents of the French republic flee from their sphere of influence. Germans use to go to Atlantis, Nassau or Hungarian Austria, all others go to Britain or their colonies of Braseal and Argentine, where many get land from the British state. Many Spaniards also flee to Morocco.

Atlantis

1776: A canal connecting Ohio and Mississippi built in German Atlantis. (South tip of Illinois is part of Italia Nuova.)

1780: Great Hurricane of the Caribbean. More than 20,000 people die.

1782: Louisiane conquered by Italy, which now rules all the former French colonies.

1791: The first transoceanic telegraph cable (so to speak - it connects OTL Siberia and Alaska) built.

1793: East of OTL Hispaniola occupied by Italy.

1794: Smaller islands in the Caribbean occupied by Italy, before Britain can get them. Britain tries to take advantage of Denmark's fall and retake the latter's part of Atlantis, at least New England.

Cuba, Florida, Texas, California, Mexico and Spanish South Atlantis declare independence.

1795: The "Schulzenaufstand" (Mayors' Uprising - yes, "Schulze" is an old German term for "Bürgermeister" / Mayor) in German Atlantis. After the end of Denmark-Braunschweig as a state, they declare themselves independent, form a confederation similar to Switzerland. Italy accepts the new situation, leaders of Britain and the former Spanish colonies foam at the mouth.

~1800: British, German and Italian settlements have reached the Rocky Mountains, where they make contact with Novorussian settlers. Germans found Silberstadt in OTL Montana; Italians form the new province of TTL Montana (roughly OTL East Colorado).

Africa

1776: Temne conquer Kono.

1778: Baoule conquers Senoufo.

1781: Songhay conquers Gwari.

1782: Songhay attacks Igbira, besieges Lokoja. Idoma become independent again.

1783: Songhay retreats, when uprisings in other provinces begin.

1786: Igbira reconquers Idoma.

1787: Independent Portugal tries to reclaim its former colonies in Guinea, where meanwhile a Portuguese-speaking Mulatto upper class rules. The trial is not successful, but trade is reopened (no slave trade with Europe, though).

1788: Jukun and Songhay divide Bauchi.

1792: British troops land in Australia (OTL South Africa). They storm several cities and fortresses of the Söderlinger, but have to give them back after the end of the war.

Kamsar attacks Temne, but are beaten back.

1795-97: Yoruba make war against Igbira, but the latter again defend successfully. Uprisings of Idoma defeated.

1796: Temne conquer Limba.

1800: Dioula conquered by Baoule.

[Max Sinister]

World 1800-1820

East Asia

1801: Novorossiya makes a treaty with the new emperor of China regarding their common border.

1802: Hong China (on OTL Taiwan, Philippines, we remember) makes an alliance with Britain.

1804-15: In a longer war, China kicks out the SE Asians from its South again and also reconquers the Sinicized Annam, Ava (N Burma), Lan Xang (Laos) and Lannathai (N Thailand). After this, the country has to recover, however.

1805: Italy sends diplomats to Pegu (S Burma), supports them with arms against China. Similar treaties with Thailand, Champa and Khmer follow.

1815, April 10th - 15th: Eruption of Tambora volcano. "Year without summer" follows.

Muslim world

1800-06: Persia makes war against Vijayanagar again, unsuccessfully. The latter ones are supported by Italy.

1813-15: South Russia attacks Rum-Seljuks, takes Bulgaria. Now all the Southern Slavs are liberated from Seljuk rule.

1815: After the lost war, the Seljuk sultan loses practically all real power.

1818-20: Italy conquers Egypt, which is done by general Alessandro Napoleoni from Sardinia.

Russian lands

Early in 19th century: Idea of Panslavism starts to spread.

1806: Novorossiya and South Russia (Kiev) attack Poland, take the former Russian lands of Turov-Pinsk and Halicz-Volhyn back. Poland east of the Vistula stays occupied.

1809-14: Novorossiya fights Choresm, takes its northern parts, including Sinkiang area. Choresm also has to pay tribute.

1820: Number of Rurikid princes in South Russia has fallen below 10.

Europe

1801: After anti-French uprisings in Andalusia, Britain and Morocco attempt a landing in Spain, which the French still defeat.

1802: First bigger anti-French uprising in a German state, in Switzerland. Although the cities and plains can be brought under control, the more resilient population in the high mountains of the Alps and the Black Forest can't be stopped. French react pragmatically this time, leaving the mountain people to themselves and have the Swiss government accept the loss of taxes.

1809: Since the British Royal Family has acquired the claims for most German electorates, Humphrey V is elected unofficial Holy Roman Emperor. Not even the French Republican government cares much, even less the Germans, but a lot of money is spent on the coronation, which uses the old German rituals, although they have become criticized as pointless for at least a century in Germany itself before the HRE ended.

1810: Britain tries again to support an anti-French uprising in Asturia, which the French suppress again.

1816: Ludwig VIII of Austria dies, state is united with Hungary.

1818: German uprising against France. Rhine bridges destroyed, French troops in Germany cut off and overwhelmed by German revolutionaries. France has to let the Germans go, but keeps the Netherlands and the Rhineland. Switzerland also stays a satellite.

Atlantis

Early 1800s: In German Atlantis, the two main political parties ("Die Freien" - "The Free Ones", and "Die Gleichen" - "The Equal Ones") emerge. They give each other the nicknames "Die Nackten" ("the naked ones", implying they have no shame) and "Die Blinden" ("the blind ones", accusing them being blind for reality).

Anti-slavery movement starts to rise in German Atlantis, later spreads to Canada, even later to Argentinien.

1804: Italy conquers Cuba.

1811/12: Three earthquakes in North Atlantis during short time.

1812: Italy conquers Florida, now uniting all of OTL Old South.

1813: Canadian Revolutionary War begins, for the Canadians feel that they have to pay too many taxes for the never-ending, unsuccessful wars in Europe and are too suppressed.

1814: Most Canadian harbors occupied by Britain.

1816: Kingsburgh (OTL Montreal) besieged by Brits.

1817: Young people (esp.) in German Atlantis join Canadians fighting Britain, being more pro-republic than their indifferent parents.

1820: Second siege of Kingsburgh.

Africa

Early 1800s: Ashanti expand north, to Black Volta river.

1804: Igbira unite with Nupe.

1809: Wa conquer Loba.

1811: Ashanti conquer Sekondi-Takoradi.

1815: Igbira conquer Ibo.

1817: Baoule conquer Agno with Abe help.

1820: Ho conquered by Lomé.

[Max Sinister]

World 1820-1840

East Asia

1820s: King Gioacchino starts hiring Indian soldiers to improve control over his vast empire.

1826: More than 20,000 killed in Nippon by Tsunami.

1827: A New Roman expedition returns from India, further spurning the interest in the subcontinent. Having learned that there exists cults in India which use to murder for their gods, like Kali, emperor Alessandro I starts thinking about using them for his purposes.

1829: Tibet accepts China's authority again.

1832: Formal conversion of the tenno to the version of Christianity adapted by the Nipponese. Christianity made state religion.

1830s: Chinese population starts to grow rapidly, and the authorities don't know what to do.

1839: Cyclone in Coringa, India. 300,000 dead.

Muslim world

1820s: An independence movement develops in rural Greece (supported by Russians, often via the Orthodox church). The cities, however, stay firmly in Seljuk hand - 250 years with a printing press have assimilated most of the upper and upper middle class.

1824: Dawudid dynasty of Choresm dies out. A council temporarily takes over the reign - but not for long.

1827: After committing a scandalous act, sultan Kay Khusrau XI is deposed by the Wali (prime minister) and beheaded. This act strengthens the Jumhuriya movement (which proposes an Islamic republic, and connects political Islam with Seljuk nationalism).

1828-34: After a payment of tribute was missed, Novorossiya conquers and subjugates Choresm.

1832-39: Suez Canal built.

1835: After anti-Jewish pogroms in North Africa, a delegation of rabbis approaches the emperor. He offers the Jews a home at the Sinai, as close to biblical Israel as possible without moving right in, to form a buffer against the Persian empire and to guard the Suez canal. This marks the beginning of the Jewish state. (This is not completely un-selfish: The Jewish traders can be replaced by Italians, thus strengthening their influence.)

1838-40: Morocco conquered by New Rome after Muslim uprising. (Fled) Spanish royal family exiled to Braseal. Emperor Alessandro has the old Holy City of Kairouan (Tunisia) re-secrated for the Muslim pilgrims.

1839: Shah Inayatullah IV of Persia toppled by his son Inayatullah V.

Russian lands

1820s: Reforms in South Russia. Cities, middle class get more rights, like representation in the Duma. The Southern Slavs from Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria and Karvuna (OTL Dobruja) are also included, as are Vlachia and Moldavia.

1824: After a Pontic Greek uprising, South Russia fights the Seljuks, makes Trapezunt / Trebizond their protectorate. Greek and Russian Orthodox churches start to approximate.

Flood at the area of OTL Leningrad, kills many people in the cities there which I didn't work out.

1834: When Russia diplomatically clashes with Hungary, emperor Alessandro fears Russia invading Hungary at the wrong time. So he suggests the Hungarian Division: Austria goes to Germany, Croatia to New Rome, Transsylvania becomes a Russian protectorate. New Rome also acquires most of OTL Slovenia (which was once Austrian, until Austria was inherited by Hungary in 1816), so Germany is cut off from the Adria.

1838/39: After Poles rise up against Russian occupation, Novorossiya attacks and conquers all of Poland. The last king flees to Sweden, later to Britain.

Europe

1820: German parliament decides that Walter Meier mustn't return to Germany. The German politicians criticize that he worked as a tribute collector for the French, that he didn't manage to include Nassau, Switzerland, the Rhineland, Prussia, Austria and the Dutch into Germany, and many are simply envious.

1823: Alessandro Napoleoni who was appointed successor of king Gioacchino, declares himself New Roman emperor. He plans to unite the lands of the old Roman empire (in Western Europe at least), but also thinks about new colonies.

Germany gives itself the first constitution, after having discussed it for years.

1824: Imperial-Catholic church founded. The New Roman emperor is the head of it. He uses the church as a tool to bring the former French and Spanish colonies better under his heel. Priests who deny the oath are expelled or incarcerated.

Switzerland leaves the French sphere of influence after an uprising. Germans invite them to join Germany, but they decline.

Germany and New Rome make a treaty of friendship.

1825: Flood around Hamburg. Water measured to be about five meters higher than usual.

1825-27: Rhenish War. Germany and Switzerland defeat France; Rhineland, Alsace-Lorraine, German-speaking Luxemburg, western Switzerland ceded by France. The long (more than 50 years!) French influence still proves to be hard to overcome, and many people decide to emigrate from the "liberated" lands to France.

1827: After the Rhenish War, France has to give Western and Eastern Frisia independence. Frisia becomes part of Germany and a refugium for Dutch nationalists fleeing from the French. In 1840, Frisia becomes part of the Netherlands again after they become independent.

1830: Death of grand duke Adolf Ignaz II of Nassau. (In his Bohemian exile, Walter Meier triumphs: "Adolf Nazi [1] is dead!") A plebiscite about the future in the country makes Nassau a republic, which is soon united with Germany (thus gaining the important Ruhr area). Britain protests, since the king now holds (thanks to various marriages of the Royal Family with expelled German princes and princesses) claims to Nassau (and other German states).

[1] No kidding - "Nazi" was once used as a short form of Ignaz.

1830s: "Railroad mania" starts in Britain.

1833: Death of last Bourbon king Sigismond / Zsigmond III of Hungary.

1835: Emperor Alessandro introduces the French calendar (equivalent to OTL World Calendar), metric lengths and weights in the New Roman Empire. The Germans soon follow suit.

1838: English revolution, king Philip killed. Revolutionaries declare the British republic. Royal family under his successor George I flees to New Albion (OTL New Zealand). The pope goes with them.

1840: Dutch uprising. France is unable to suppress them, has to grant Netherlands and Flanders independence on German and Roman pressure.

Atlantis

1822: With some help from German Atlantis, Canada can win independence. Only Haraldsland stays British. British loyalists flee to Braseal.

Joseph B. Franklin elected first president of Canada.

1825: Spanish lands in South Atlantis occupied by New Rome.

1826-29: Lacking money, emperor Alessandro attacks and conquers Tawantinsuyu (the Inca empire). Their gold and silver mines now work for the New Roman Empire.

1832-36: Anti-British War of allied New Rome, Germany, German Atlantis and Canada. Unexpectedly, the Imperial Navy proves to be stronger than the Royal Navy, thanks to the numerous fights against Spanish Navy-in-exile. In the peace of Roma Nuova, Britain has to cede Newfoundland to Canada and its lands in South Atlantis, which are divided along the Tropic of Capricorn: Braseal goes to New Rome, the Germans receive Argentine as a place for settlement (from now on, more often called Argentinien). Patagonia, being uninteresting for the victors, becomes independent Aymaria.

1837: Texas added to New Rome.

First German settlers arrive in Argentinien. The British upper class is kicked out, while the ordinary Brits are assimilated with time.

Africa

1824: Igbira conquer Tiv, with help by Douala, which gets Bamenda.

1827: Baoule conquer Dida, get a harbor.

1830: A Swedish ship coming from Australia (OTL South Africa) discovers Antarctica.

1831/32: Ashanti attack Accra, reduce it to the area around the capital.

1836: Douala conquers Yaoundé.

1839: After king George I arrived in New Albion, his admiral Carleton swears to retake Britain for the monarchy. The admiral collects the British navy in the Pacific, goes to the North Sea, prepares for a strike against London.

1839/40: Igbira conquer Gwari and Borim.

[Max Sinister]

World 1840-1860

East Asia

1841: Ming China conquers Tungning (OTL Taiwan) back.

1842: The Himalaya states (Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Kashmir) accept China's authority again, after Tibet did so in 1829 already.

British Ceylon becomes independent again, confident that the Brits won't return.

1850s: Uprisings in China (influenced by ideas brought in by Christian missionaries) get out of control. Fifth Ming emperor toppled.

Second half of 19th century: The "Society of Brotherly Love" (influenced by Russian Orthodox missionaries) rages throughout China, trying to build a milleniarist kingdom, causing havoc everywhere. Many Chinese flee from China, as far as Atlantis or Antipodia.

1858: Pegu becomes a New Roman protectorate.

1859: Emperor Ludovico takes Ceylon, laying the foundation for his Indian empire.

Muslim world

1840/41: Uprising of Orthodox Greeks in Pontus. South Russia interferes, takes the province. Nationalist-religious movement comes to power in Seljuk lands, ends the sultanate, makes life harder for minorities.

1840s: Many Jews of the Seljuk republic leave for the Sinai, where they can live under New Roman protection.

1847: Emperor Benedetto has the new state of Judea proclaimed, giving the Jews officially independence.

1849: After the murder of Inayatullah V, Persia is governed by an elected council. However, the infighting weakens the empire in a dangerous way.

1851: Great uprising in Russian-occupied Choresm. The Southern army loses control over the biggest part of the country.

1853-58: Russians return to Choresm, defeat Muslim rebels. Their commander Pyotr Nesterov, called "the Terrible", has their irrigation structures destroyed, crippling Choresmian economy for indefinite time.

1850s/60s: After the Russian defeat in the Anti-Russian War, the Rum-Seljuks become harsh (bordering genocide) on the Greeks - hundreds of thousands, if not millions of Greeks are displaced from their villages and resettled by force in other parts of the empire, mostly central Anatolia. Many thousands of them die on their way, or resisting the better armed and organized Seljuks.

Russian lands

1846: Bohemian Crisis when Russia stations troops there. Germany, Sweden ally with New Rome against Russia.

1848-52: Allied Germanies, Sweden, Canada, Seljuks and New Rome fight Anti-Russian War. Although the population of the two Russias is higher than all its opponents combined, they soon face themselves in trouble: After their standing armies are defeated by their opponents armed with the modern needle guns, it takes a long time to arm, train and transport new soldiers to the front. Being cut off from imports, their soldiers are badly equipped. One century ago the Telegraph made Russia the most progressed nation on Earth, now the Chunkvophiles in the government who only think about stability can't handle a war against industrialized nations. Unrests among the peasants and the occupied nations (Poland, Choresm) finally tip the balance against Russia.

Socialist Britain sells arms to the allies, making a lot of money.

The anti-Russian War detailed:

(It can be generally said, since the coalition powers didn't have a united command, that New Rome and the Seljuks did the fighting against South Russia and its Orthodox Balkan allies, while everyone else fought mainly against Novorossiya.)

1848, July: The coalition of New Rome, the two Germanies, the Seljuks, Sweden and Canada declares war, invades Poland, Bohemia and Hungary.

1848, August: German-Swedish navies defeat Novorossiyan Baltic fleet.

At OTL Grand Tetons, the first of many battles between Germans and Russians in Atlantis happens.

1848, September: New Roman spies infiltrate the "empty circle", i.e. the area between Rockies and Sierra Nevada, Snake river and Colorado river, which Novorossiya claims. In practice, the area is home for a lot of communities - surviving Atlantean nations, sects, fled slaves and so on.

Swedish troops land at Oulu, start liberation of Finland.

1848, October: Germans have conquered all of Bohemia and Moravia, except for the Russian garrison of Prague.

1848, November: In the cavalry battle of Nagykörös, New Romans defeat the Russians. Hungary west of the Danube is liberated.

1848, December: Seljuks march into Pontic lands occupied by South Russia.

Winter of 1848/49: Northern Finland liberated.

1849, January: Canadian skiing troops score their first major victory against Russian near OTL Fairweather Lake.

1849, March: Bratislava conquered by Germans and Czechs. Germans in Herzogsberg (OTL Königsberg) rise up against Russia.

1849, April: Battle of Inowroclaw; with the help of uprising Poles, Germans throw Russian occupation army behind the Vistula.

In the battle of Medjugorje, the Serbs and Bosnians can stop the New Romans, using the difficult territory for their advantage. Emperor Benedetto decides to rather seek for the decision in Hungary, leaves Russia's satellites on the Balkan alone.

1849, May: Germans and Poles cross the Vistula at Sandomierz.

1849, July: Battle of Chelm. United armies of South Russia and Novorossiya beaten, have to retreat behind Bug river.

1849, August: Germans cross the Vistula, going into Prussia.

1849, September: Swedes take Tampere.

1849, October: German troops have reached Memel / Nyemen river.

1850, January: Battle of Drevesina (OTL Boise, Idaho).

1850, March: Battle of Békéscsaba. New Roman troops start reconquest of eastern Hungary.

1850, March: Germans start to besiege Riga.

1850, June: Battle of Plotzeck; Littauen (again) conquered by Germany.

1850, August: New Romans defeat the attacking Serbian-Romanian-Bulgarian troops at Vinkovci, Croatia.

1850, September: New Romans take Khust (Carpatho-Ukraine), concluding their conquest of Hungary.

1850, October: Germans conquer Estonia, except for the capital Reval / Tallinn.

1850: After the liberation of Prussia and Poland, the German politicians decide to strike at Russia's heart, driven by their wish for revenge. Emperor Benedetto whose troops just conquered Eger is surprised to hear they don't want to make peace.

1851, May: German-Polish-Czech troops take Minsk.

1851, July: Battle of Vitebsk; last big battle before Moscow, since the Novorussians now retreat.

1851, August: Vanhakaupunki (OTL Helsinki) taken by Swedes.

1851, November: German main army destroyed (with help by general winter) at the little city of Moscow. The front has to be taken back behind Lake Peipus and the former east border of Prussia.

1852, February: Canadian commander Jacob Andrews (later president) manages to land on Vancouver island at night, the first step to conquer it.

1852, May: In the peace of Constantinople, Prussia, Poland, and Greater Bohemia change into the German sphere of influence. Hungary becomes a satellite of New Rome. Seljuks take Pontus and Thrace back. The thinly settled hinterland of Russian Atlantis goes to Canada (which gains access to the Pacific) and German Atlantis, the Great Desert (the lands between Snake river, Colorado river, Sierra Nevada and Rockies - about OTL Utah and Nevada) to New Rome. Finland and Estonia become Swedish again.

(Sorry if this sounds like anti-Russian wank. True, the coalition had better weapons like the needle gun, and fought an opponent, but still. In reality, the Russians will have won the one or other little battle not mentioned here - and the winners probably will prefer to stay silent too.)

1850s: After the humiliating defeat, Russia decides to modernize, building railroads and factories.

Europe

1840: After having sailed to Swedish Helgoland, admiral Carleton strikes when the "divine wind" blows the right way. The completely surprised republican government has the workers of London armed to defend them.

1841: Second English Revolution. After the defeat of the admiral, Socialist leader and former bartender Charles Pounder takes power in London, declares the "People's State of England".

Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands form the Mitteleuropäischer Zollverein (Central European Custom Union), also making the German Thaler common currency. Later the MEZV is joined by Greater Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, who start to approximate Germany, if only for the fear of Russia.

1841-44: Second English Civil War. With the help of the rail workers, the Socialists gain the upper hand against monarchists and moderated republicans; many of the latter flee to Canada, of the former to New Albion (including the highest clerics, who soon decide to move with the pope to bigger Antipodia, however).

The land of the crown and the nobles is divided between the small peasants and land workers; in the cities, the workers take control of the factories. The Bank of England and other government offices are taken over by the Socialist leadership.

1846: Socialists overwhelm last resistors in Scotland, Wales and Ireland, adding them to their sphere of influence.

1847: Emperor Alessandro I dies, having appointed the governor of Milan successor, who becomes emperor Benedetto.

1848: Charles Pounder sits over the first "all-British Round", the quasi-parliament. All the factions of Socialist Britain are represented here: The peasants, the workers, the artisans, the soldiers and sailors, the government workers, the pro-Socialist priests, and the teachers and doctors, the only intellectual professions. During the next years, they give Socialist Britain a new constitution, introduce conscription as a part of the new "People's Army" and start government work.

1853: Emperor Benedetto dies. Some suspect the Russians behind it. Before his death, he appointed the governor of Turin new emperor Ludovico, who'll prove to be exceptionally competent.

After the end of the war, British factories can't sell arms anymore. Socialists triple the prices for many industrial products, to "let the monetarists bleed dry" (and live a better life). For short time, this works out, since Britain was the highest industrialized country of the world; but then, the other countries have learned enough to take up the British advance, built their own factories, and British exports plummet.

1857: Young Tom Liverpool (an orphan) invents a primitive telephone in Socialist Britain. He has to find out that he doesn't get very much for his invention, although the Socialist government uses it.

Another earthquake in Naples.

Atlantis

1840: Gold Rush in Northern California. People from all parts of Northern and Central Atlantis try their luck - Spaniards, Russians, Germans, Italians, even English- and French-speaking Canadians, Mexica, other native Atlanteans, and run-away Arab and African slaves. The population of the area explodes from 50,000 (mostly Russians) to more than a quarter of a million. In fact, many Russian-settled lands in Atlantis are depopulated by the rush.

1841: Formerly Spanish California added to New Rome.

1843: Isthmus of Central Atlantis occupied by New Rome.

1845/46: Mexico conquered by New Rome, which now governs all of Atlantis except for Canada and the lands of the Germans and Russians.

1852: North California with its mixed population becomes independent, forming a buffer between Germany, Canada, Russia and New Rome.

1854: Canada founds Vancouver (same place as OTL), planning to build a Pacific fleet.

1857: Earthquake in Southern California (OTL Fort Tejon), maybe the strongest earthquake of history in the region.

1859: Canadian president Jacob Andrews gives the remains of the British Pacific fleet a new home in Canada, thus gaining the core of a professional navy, which can even rival those of New Rome and Russia. This also means Canada can successfully claim British islands in the Pacific - including New Caribbea (OTL New Guinea).

Africa and Antipodia

1842: Temne conquer Macenta (OTL Guinea).

1847: Jukun have to pay tribute to Igbira.

1849: Potato crisis in Ireland. Many of them emigrate to Antipodia (OTL Australia), which population more than doubles in short time. Until then, the Irish already had the clear population majority in Antipodia's thinly settled North, South and West, and a smaller majority (60%) in the South-East, but now they clearly outnumber the English everywhere.

1850: Irish rebel in Antipodia, kick out the English, who only keep control of OTL Tasmania. The continent is renamed Tir Tairngire (non-Irish people prefer to speak of Tirland, however).

1851: Douala conquers Bertoua (both OTL Cameroon).

1854: Ashanti conquer Wa, Loba become shortly independent again.

1856: First Irish pope (named Patricius I, like all of them) elected in Antipodia. He announces that "a Time of Humbleness has come for the Holy Roman Catholic Church... now we will live and meditate in the desert, like the old patriarchs and eremites once did, until the day when God decides to smile upon us again". This marks the beginning of the Irish-Catholic church.

1858: Loba conquered by Baoule.